Soft Constraints Mirror Hard Constraints : Voice and Person in English and Lummi
Soft Constraints Mirror Hard Constraints : Voice and Person in English and Lummi
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软约束反映硬约束：英语和 Lummi 中的语音和人称
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发表时间：
2001
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通讯作者：
Tracy Holloway King
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作者：
J. Bresnan;Shipra Dingare;Christopher D. Manning;Hong Kong;Miriam Butt;Tracy Holloway King
在某些语言中归因于硬语法约束的相同分类现象在其他语言中继续表现为统计偏好，从而激发了可以解释软约束的语法模型。人称层次结构（第一、第二、第三）对语法的影响在某些语言中是绝对的，最著名的是在具有逆系统的语言中，但在人称被动化限制的语言中也是如此。例如，在 Lummi 中，主语参数的人称不能低于非主语参数的人称。如果这种情况发生在主动装置中，则必须进行钝化；如果它以被动语态发生，则主动语态是强制性的（Jelinek and Demers 1983）。这些事实遵循旧约中的和谐对齐理论：有利于突出人物（第一、第二）与突出句法功能（主语）和谐关联的约束被假设为所有语言语法的子层次结构，但其效果在不同语言之间有所不同，具体取决于它们与其他约束的相互作用（Aissen 1999）。这些层次结构在英语中有统计反映。在像 Lummi 这样的语言中，通过使被动语态变得不可能或必须来明确避免相同的不和谐的人/论点关联，在英语口语 SWITCHBOARD 语料库中通过降低或提高被动语态相对于主动语态的频率来避免这种不和谐的人/论点关联。英语数据可以在随机 OT 框架（Boersma 1998，Boersma 和 Hayes 2001）内进行语法分析，为它们与 Aissen（1999）研究的跨语言分类人效应的关系提供原则性和统一的解释。 1 人称对语音的分类效应 人称层次结构（1）对语法的影响在某些语言中是分类的，最著名的是在具有逆系统的语言中，但在人称被动化限制的语言中也是如此。例如，在 Lummi（不列颠哥伦比亚省萨利什海峡）中，主语论证的人称不能低于非主语论证的人称。如果这种情况发生在主动装置中，则必须进行钝化；如果以被动语态发生，则必须使用主动语（Jelinek and Demers 1983, 1994）。2 (1) 人称等级：第一、第二、第三（语法上“本地”言语行为的人比其他人排名更高）
The same categorical phenomena which are attributed to hard grammatical constraints in some languages continue to show up as statistical preferences in other languages, motivating a grammatical model that can account for soft constraints. The effects of a hierarchy of person (1st, 2nd 3rd) on grammar are categorical in some languages, most famously in languages with inverse systems, but also in languages with person restrictions on passivization. In Lummi, for example, the person of the subject argument cannot be lower than the person of a nonsubject argument. If this would happen in the active, passivization is obligatory; if it would happen in the passive, the active is obligatory (Jelinek and Demers 1983). These facts follow from the theory of harmonic alignment in OT: constraints favoring the harmonic association of prominent person (1st, 2nd) with prominent syntactic function (subject) are hypothesized to be present as subhierarchies of the grammars of all languages, but to vary in their effects across languages depending on their interactions with other constraints (Aissen 1999). There is a statistical reflection of these hierarchies in English. The same disharmonic person/argument associations which are avoided categorically in languages like Lummi by making passives either impossible or obligatory, are avoided in the SWITCHBOARD corpus of spoken English by either depressing or elevating the frequency of passives relative to actives. The English data can be grammatically analyzed within the stochastic OT framework (Boersma 1998, Boersma and Hayes 2001) in a way which provides a principled and unifying explanation for their relation to the crosslinguistic categorical person effects studied by Aissen (1999). 1 Categorical Effects of Person on Voice The effects of the person hierarchy (1) on grammar are categorical in some languages, most famously in languages with inverse systems, but also in languages with person restrictions on passivization. In Lummi (Straits Salish, British Columbia), for example, the person of the subject argument cannot be lower than the person of a nonsubject argument. If this would happen in the active, passivization is obligatory; if it would happen in the passive, the active is obligatory (Jelinek and Demers 1983, 1994).2 (1) Person hierarchy: 1st, 2nd 3rd (grammatical persons ‘local’ to speech act outrank others)