THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FLUCTUATIONS EXPERIENCED IN OBSERVING AMBIGUOUS FIGURES AND IN BINOCULAR RIVALRY
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FLUCTUATIONS EXPERIENCED IN OBSERVING AMBIGUOUS FIGURES AND IN BINOCULAR RIVALRY
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/00221309.1936.9917904
复制
发表时间：
1936-07-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
George, R. Wilfred
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
George, R. Wilfred
早在1906年，威廉·麦克杜格尔（William McDougall）就观察到，对每个人来说，观察各种模糊数字时所经历的波动率是相当恒定的，但在每个人之间却有所不同，他认为这些变化可能表明了大脑结构的一些重要差异。他还观察到，同时呈现在两只眼睛面前的两个不同颜色的区域的交替，在许多方面与这些模糊图形的波动相似。后来，根据从有限数量的受试者中获得的结果，他有理由相信，在模糊数字的波动率与有关人格在内向-外向量表中的位置之间存在某种相关性(4)。他还表明，某些药物的施用会引起这些波动率的变化，当给予受试者酒精、乙醚或其他麻醉药物时，波动率会减慢，而当给予咖啡因和其他刺激性生物碱时，波动率会加快。他把这两类药物中的第一类称为使人陶醉或使人外向的药物，第二类称为使人内向或使人做梦的药物。在这些和其他考虑的基础上，他将气质的化学理论应用于内向-外向。l一些麦克杜格尔的。1935年4月22日，由编辑委员会的威廉·麦克杜格尔接受出版，并在编辑部收到。根据麦克杜格尔的理论，外向性药物直接作用于突触，提高它们的抵抗力，从而在大脑皮层产生一种相对分离的状态，从而使较低的中心（特别是丘脑中的情绪中心）从较高中心的抑制影响中解放出来；因此，受试者在酒精等的影响下表现得更自由或更外向。与此同时，外向性药物减缓了可逆视角下的波动速率。在典型的外向者中，be-
As early as 1906, William McDougall observed (3) that the rate of fluctuation experienced in observing various ambiguous figures was fairly constant for each individual but varied from one individual to another, and suggested that these variations probably indicated some important difference of cerebral constitution. He also observed that the alternation of two differently colored fields, presented simultaneously to the two eyes, is similar in many ways to these fluctuations of ambiguous figures. Later, on the basis of results obtained from a limited number of subjects, he found reason to believe that some correlation obtains between the rates of fluctuation of ambiguous figures and the position of the personalities concerned in the scale of introversion-extroversion (4). He has also shown (5) that changes are brought about in these rates of fluctuation by the administration of certain drugs, the rate being slowed down when alcohol, ether, or other anaesthetic drugs are given to the subject and speeded up when caffein and other of the stimulating alkaloids are given. The first of these two classes of drugs he called the intoxicating or extroverting drugs and the second the introverting or dream producing drugs. On the basis of these and other considerations he developed his application of the chemical theory of temperament to introversion-extr0version. l Some of McDougall’s. Accepted for publication by William McDougall of the Editorial Board and received in the Editorial Office, April 22, 1935.‘According to McDougall’s theory the extroverting drugs act directly upon synapses, raising their resistance, and thus produce a condition of relative dissociation in the brain cortex which results in the freeing of the lower centers (particularly emotional centers in the thalamus) from the inhibiting influence of the higher centers; hence the more freely expressive or more extroverted behavior of the subject under the influence of alcohol, etc. At the same time the extroverting drug slowa up the rate of fluctua-tion experienced in reversible perspective. In the typical extrovert the be-