Synthesis Human-caused Disturbance Stimuli as a Form of Predation Risk
Synthesis Human-caused Disturbance Stimuli as a Form of Predation Risk
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DOI：
10.5751/es-00404-060111
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发表时间：
2002-05
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
A. Frid;L. Dill
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Frid;L. Dill
越来越多的研究量化了非致命性人类干扰对动物行为和繁殖成功的影响。虽然许多都是精心设计和分析复杂，大多数缺乏一个理论框架，使预测和理解为什么特定的反应发生。行为生态学家最近开始填补这一理论真空，将反捕食者行为的经济模型应用于干扰研究。在这个新兴的范例中，捕食和非致命性干扰刺激在避免感知风险和其他健身增强活动（如喂养、父母照顾或交配）之间产生类似的权衡。大量的文献支持这一假设，即反捕食者的行为有成本的其他活动，这种权衡是最优化的投资时，在反捕食者的行为跟踪捕食风险的短期变化。猎物已经进化出对一般威胁刺激的反捕食反应，如大声的噪音和快速接近的物体。因此，当遇到从戏剧性的，低空飞行的直升机到安静的野生动物摄影师的干扰刺激时，动物的反应可能遵循与猎物遇到捕食者相同的经济原则。一些作者认为，类似于捕食风险，干扰刺激可以间接影响健身和种群动态通过积极的和失去的机会成本的风险规避。我们详细阐述了这一论点，讨论为什么从进化的角度来看，干扰刺激应该是类似的捕食风险。然后，我们考虑干扰对个体行为的影响，包括警戒、逃跑、栖息地选择、交配展示和父母投资，以及对种群和群落的间接影响。更广泛地应用捕食风险理论的干扰研究应增加预测的一般性，使缓解更有效，而不过度调节人类活动。
A growing number of studies quantify the impact of nonlethal human disturbance on the behavior and reproductive success of animals. Athough many are well designed and analytically sophisticated, most lack a theoretical framework for making predictions and for understanding why particular responses occur. Behavioral ecologists have recently begun to fill this theoretical vacuum by applying economic models of antipredator behavior to disturbance studies. In this emerging paradigm, predation and nonlethal disturbance stimuli create similar trade-offs between avoiding perceived risk and other fitness-enhancing activities, such as feeding, parental care, or mating. A vast literature supports the hypothesis that antipredator behavior has a cost to other activities, and that this trade-off is optimized when investment in antipredator behavior tracks short-term changes in predation risk. Prey have evolved antipredator responses to generalized threatening stimuli, such as loud noises and rapidly approaching objects. Thus, when encountering disturbance stimuli ranging from the dramatic, low- flying helicopter to the quiet wildlife photographer, animal responses are likely to follow the same economic principles used by prey encountering predators. Some authors have argued that, similar to predation risk, disturbance stimuli can indirectly affect fitness and population dynamics via the energetic and lost opportunity costs of risk avoidance. We elaborate on this argument by discussing why, from an evolutionary perspective, disturbance stimuli should be analogous to predation risk. We then consider disturbance effects on the behavior of individuals—vigilance, fleeing, habitat selection, mating displays, and parental investment—as well as indirect effects on populations and communities. A wider application of predation risk theory to disturbance studies should increase the generality of predictions and make mitigation more effective without over-regulating human activities.