Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex- reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas
Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex- reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas
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DOI：
10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Alipour, M.
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作者：
Alipour, M.
伊斯兰学术和法律对变性手术问题的态度仍然是穆斯林变性人的一个重要课题。这种手术大多被认为是罪恶的，因此逊尼派和什叶派传统学者都禁止（哈拉姆）。但在20世纪80年代末，变性手术在伊斯兰教法和/或国家法律中被伊朗的阿亚图拉霍梅尼和埃及的谢赫穆罕默德坦塔维的教令合法化（清真）。这些教令最初似乎应该被视为伊斯兰教对跨性别穆斯林宽容的标志。这篇文章解释了跨性别穆斯林的处境如何促使关于变性手术的教令，以及教令如何最终扩大了伊斯兰宽容的范围。本文从霍梅尼和坦塔维对伊斯兰教“依智提哈德”概念的经典理解方法入手，分析了霍梅尼和坦塔维颁布这种进步性教令的主要法理依据。按照同样的方法，作为进一步的讨论，这篇文章提出就类似和相关的案件，如同性恋和双性恋，展开伊斯兰辩论，旨在提高伊斯兰对这些现象的容忍或接受。
The attitude of Islamic scholarship and law with regard to the issue of transgender sex-reassignment surgery is still an important subject for Muslim transgender people. This operation was mostly regarded as sinful, thus prohibited (haram) in Islam by both Sunni and Shi'a traditional scholars. But in the late 1980s, sex-reassignment surgery was legalized (made halal) in shari'a and/or in state law by the fatwas of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran and Sheikh Muhammad al-Tantawi in Egypt. It seems that these fatwas should initially be considered as an indication of Islamic tolerance toward transgender Muslims. This article explains how the transgender Muslims' situation prompted the fatwas on sex-reassignment surgery and, therefore, how the fatwas, ultimately, expanded the scope of Islamic tolerance. The paper analyzes the main juridical reasons behind Khomeini and Al-Tantawi issuing such progressive fatwas through their classical methodology of understanding the Islamic concept of ijtihad. Following the same methodology, the article, as further discussion, offers to open up an Islamic debate over similar and related cases, such as homosexuality and bisexuality, aiming to improve Islamic tolerance or acceptance of these phenomena.