Human security of urban migrant populations affected by length of residence and environmental hazards
Human security of urban migrant populations affected by length of residence and environmental hazards
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DOI：
10.1177/0022343320973717
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发表时间：
2021-01-01
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Billah, Tamim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adger, W. Neil;de Campos, Ricardo Safra;Billah, Tamim
人们普遍认为，移民是将气候变化与暴力冲突联系起来的关键机制，特别是移民增加了城市目的地发生冲突的风险。然而，气候变化也造成了新的不安全形式，如在城市目的地地区普遍存在的痛苦移徙、不流动和脆弱性。在这里，我们研究了移民目的地的人类安全的程度和性质，并测试了不安全是否受到居住时间和环境危害的影响。该研究在个人层面开发了一种衡量人类安全的指数，包括环境和气候相关的危害以及福祉的来源、对犯罪和暴力的恐惧以及心理健康结果。它审查了人类安全的因素，这些因素解释了低收入城市社区中新移民和已移民中普遍存在的不安全。该研究报告了孟加拉国Chattogram通过对移民（N = 447）的调查收集的数据，以及使用城市规划者和移民队列的照片提取技术获得的定性数据。结果表明，随着时间的推移，环境危害是移民人口感到不安全感的一个日益增加的来源，长期移民比新来者感到更大的不安全感，这表明低收入贫民窟缺乏向上的社会流动性。健康状况不佳、害怕被驱逐、骚扰和暴力是人们经历不安全的关键因素，而洪水等环境危害又加剧了这些因素。该研究扩展了安全的概念，将个人风险和福祉的核心要素包括在内，并概述了对气候变化的影响。
It is widely suggested that migration is a key mechanism linking climate change to violent conflict, particularly through migration increasing the risks of conflict in urban destinations. Yet climate change also creates new forms of insecurity through distress migration, immobility and vulnerability that are prevalent in urban destination locations. Here we examine the extent and nature of human security in migration destinations and test whether insecurity is affected by length of residence and environmental hazards. The study develops an index measure of human security at the individual level to include environmental and climate-related hazards as well as sources of well-being, fear of crime and violence, and mental health outcomes. It examines the elements of human security that explain the prevalence of insecurity among recent and established migrants in low-income urban neighbourhoods. The study reports on data collected in Chattogram in Bangladesh through a survey of migrants (N = 447) and from qualitative data derived using photo elicitation techniques with cohorts of city planners and migrants. The results show that environmental hazards represent an increasing source of perceived insecurity to migrant populations over time, with longer-term migrants perceiving greater insecurity than more recent arrivals, suggesting lack of upward social mobility in low-income slums. Ill-health, fear of eviction, and harassment and violence are key elements of how insecurity is experienced, and these are exacerbated by environmental hazards such as flooding. The study expands the concept of security to encompass central elements of personal risk and well-being and outlines the implications for climate change.