Toxic effects of lab‐grade butyl rubber stoppers on aerobic methane oxidation
Toxic effects of lab‐grade butyl rubber stoppers on aerobic methane oxidation
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实验室级丁基橡胶塞对有氧甲烷氧化的毒性作用
DOI：
10.1002/lom3.10005
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Lehmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Niemann;Lea Steinle;J. Blees;I. Bussmann;T. Treude;S. Krause;M. Elvert;M. Lehmann
测量水生环境中好氧甲烷氧化（MOx）速率的方法通常基于水样的孵育，在孵育期间监测甲烷（CH4）的消耗。通常，孵育容器用丁基橡胶密封，因为这些弹性体基本上不透气。我们报告了五种不同的市售实验室级丁基胶塞对海洋和湖泊环境样品中MOx活性的潜在毒性。与使用卤化丁基橡胶塞平行孵育相比，使用非卤化丁基密封的孵育物中的MOx率低50%以上，表明毒性效应与使用非卤化丁基类型有关。非卤化丁基橡胶的水浸提液被大量的各种有机化合物污染，包括潜在的杀菌剂，如苄基甲苯和苯基烷烃。从卤化丁基橡胶塞中释放出的有机污染物量相当少，但仅发现两种卤化橡胶塞类型似乎不会将任何有机物沥滤到孵育培养基中。此外，非卤化和两种类型的卤化丁基弹性体还浸出了大量的锌。虽然使用非卤化橡胶塞的明显毒性来源仍然难以捉摸，但我们的结果表明，一些丁基橡胶塞中的污染物浸出可能严重干扰MOx群落的活性，这突出了检测橡胶塞各自污染潜力的重要性。丁基橡胶的沥滤物对MOx以外的非地球化学反应速率的评估似乎有可能产生影响，但需要加以核实。
Methods for measuring aerobic methane oxidation (MOx) rates in aquatic environments are often based on the incubation of water samples, during which the consumption of methane (CH4) is monitored. Typically, incubation vessels are sealed with butyl rubber because these elastomers are essentially impermeable for gases. We report on the potential toxicity of five different commercially available, lab‐grade butyl stoppers on MOx activity in samples from marine and lacustrine environments. MOx rates in incubations sealed with non‐halogenated butyl were > 50% lower compared to parallel incubations with halogenated butyl rubber stoppers, suggesting toxic effects associated with the use of the non‐halogenated butyl type. Aqueous extracts of non‐halogenated butyl rubber were contaminated with high amounts of various organic compounds including potential bactericides such as benzyltoluenes and phenylalkanes. Comparably small amounts of organic contaminants were liberated from the halogenated butyl rubber stoppers but only two halogenated stopper types were found that did not seem to leach any organics into the incubation medium. Furthermore, the non‐halogenated and two types of the halogenated butyl elastomers additionally leached comparably high amounts of zinc. While the source of the apparent toxicity with the use of the non‐halogenated rubber stoppers remains elusive, our results indicate that leaching of contaminants from some butyl rubber stoppers can severely interfere with the activity of MOx communities, highlighting the importance of testing rubber stoppers for their respective contamination potential. The impact of leachates from butyl rubber on the assessment of biogeochemical reaction rates other than MOx seems likely but needs to be verified.