Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: A meta-analytic integration
Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: A meta-analytic integration
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DOI：
10.15288/jsa.2003.64.331
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发表时间：
2003-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Carey, KB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Borsari, B;Carey, KB
目的：许多大学生高估了同龄人的饮酒行为（描述性规范）和饮酒认可（禁令性规范）。结果，一致的自我-他人差异（SODs）被观察到，其中自我对饮酒行为的感知和对饮酒的认可通常低于他人的可比判断。这些SODs构成了目前流行的防止酗酒的“社会规范方法”的基础，它向学生传达了关于饮酒行为和批准饮酒的实际校园规范。然而，对影响sod强度的因素关注甚少。这项研究就是为了解决这些问题。方法：对23项研究进行荟萃分析，评估了规范类型（禁令式或描述性）、性别、参照组、问题特异性和校园规模这5个预测因素对学生SODs的影响。这些研究以描述性和禁令性的形式进行了102个独立的sod测试，代表了53,825名参与者的反应。结果：五项预测因子均与规范知觉的自我-他人差异显著相关。对于禁令规范、女性估计、远端参考组和非特定问题，以及较小的校园，明显存在较大的sod。结论：应更加系统地关注如何评估规范。特别是，sod可以最大化或最小化，这取决于所评估的行为/态度的特殊性和选择的参照组进行比较。
Objective: Many college students overestimate both the drinking behaviors (descriptive norms) and the approval of drinking (injunctive norms) of their peers. As a result, consistent self-other discrepancies (SODs) have been observed, in which self-perceptions of drinking behaviors and approval of drinking usually are lower than comparable judgments of others. These SODs form the foundation of the currently popular "social norms approach" to alcohol abuse prevention, which conveys to students the actual campus norms regarding drinking behaviors and approval of alcohol use. However, little attention has been paid to the factors that can influence the magnitude of SODs. This research was conducted to address these issues. Method: This meta-analytic integration of 23 studies evaluated the influence of five predictors of SODs: norm type (injunctive or descriptive), gender, reference group, question specificity and campus size. These studies rendered 102 separate tests of SODs in descriptive and injunctive forms, representing the responses of 53,825 participants. Results: All five predictors were significantly related to self-other differences in the perception of norms. Greater SODs were evident for injunctive norms, estimates by women, distal reference groups and nonspecific questions, as well as on smaller campuses. Conclusions: More systematic attention should be given to how norms are assessed. In particular, SODs can be maximized or minimized, depending on the specificity of the behaviors/attitudes evaluated and the reference groups chosen for comparison.