After the Third World? History, destiny and the fate of Third Worldism
After the Third World? History, destiny and the fate of Third Worldism
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第三世界之后？
DOI：
10.1080/0143659042000185318
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Mark T. Berger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mark T. Berger
第三世界的概念通常可以追溯到20世纪40年代末或50年代初，越来越多地被用来试图在一个新兴的民族国家集团中建立团结和支持，这些国家的政府不愿意在冷战中偏袒任何一方。这些领导人和政府试图用“南北”冲突取代“东西方”冲突。1950年代和1960年代第三次民主主义的兴起与一系列民族解放计划和亚洲和非洲前殖民地的特定形式的地区主义，以及中东的前委任统治和新民族国家以及拉丁美洲的“老”民族国家密切相关。这一时期的第三次世界大战主义者将其与民族解放和各种形式的泛亚洲主义、泛阿拉伯主义、泛非洲主义和泛美洲主义联系起来。1960年代和1970年代，第一代第三民主主义政权的削弱或消亡，与第二代第三民主主义政权的出现同时发生，或紧随其后，第二代第三民主主义政权表达了更激进的，明确的社会主义愿景。1970年代，一种温和的第三世界主义在联合国也变得重要起来：它的核心是呼吁建立一个新的国际经济秩序（NIEO）。然而，到了20世纪80年代，第三次世界大战进入了一个急剧下降的时期。随着冷战的结束，一些运动、政府和评论家试图重新定位和振兴第三世界的概念，而另一些人则认为它已经失去了意义。这篇介绍性的文章提供了一个关键的第三次世界大战的历史概述，同时澄清其限制和上诉。作为一个世界历史运动，第三次反殖民主义（包括第一代和第二代）产生于反殖民民族主义者的活动和思想，以及他们将前殖民地传统和文化的高度浪漫化解释与马克思主义和社会主义所体现的乌托邦相结合的努力，以及更广泛的现代化和发展的“西方”愿景。除了与这些不同分支的结合有关的问题外，第三世界主义也因为非殖民化进程和新的国际政治经济秩序中固有的矛盾而走向衰落，这是在冷战全球政治经济不断变化和最终结束的背景下发生的。
The idea of the Third World, which is usually traced to the late 1940s or early 1950s, was increasingly used to try and generate unity and support among an emergent group of nation-states whose governments were reluctant to take sides in the Cold War. These leaders and governments sought to displace the ‘East–West’ conflict with the ‘North–South’ conflict. The rise of Third Worldism in the 1950s and 1960s was closely connected to a range of national liberation projects and specific forms of regionalism in the erstwhile colonies of Asia and Africa, as well as the former mandates and new nation-states of the Middle East, and the ‘older’ nation-states of Latin America. Exponents of Third Worldism in this period linked it to national liberation and various forms of Pan-Asianism, Pan-Arabism, Pan-Africanism and Pan-Americanism. The weakening or demise of the first generation of Third Worldist regimes in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with or was followed by the emergence of a second generation of Third Worldist regimes that articulated a more radical, explicitly socialist, vision. A moderate form of Third Worldism also became significant at the United Nations in the 1970s: it was centred on the call for a New International Economic Order (nieo). By the 1980s, however, Third Worldism had entered into a period of dramatic decline. With the end of the Cold War, some movements, governments and commentators have sought to reorient and revitalise the idea of a Third World, while others have argued that it has lost its relevance. This introductory article provides a critical overview of the history of Third Worldism, while clarifying both its constraints and its appeal. As a world-historical movement, Third Worldism (in both its first and second generation modalities) emerged out of the activities and ideas of anti-colonial nationalists and their efforts to mesh highly romanticised interpretations of pre-colonial traditions and cultures with the utopianism embodied by Marxism and socialism specifically, and ‘Western’ visions of modernisation and development more generally. Apart from the problems associated with combining these different strands, Third Worldism also went into decline because of the contradictions inherent in the process of decolonisation and in the new international politico-economic order, in the context of the changing character, and eventual end, of the global political economy of the Cold War.