BEHAVIORAL-STUDIES ON THE PEPPERED MOTH BISTON-BETULARIA AND A DISCUSSION OF THE ROLE OF POLLUTION AND LICHENS IN INDUSTRIAL MELANISM
BEHAVIORAL-STUDIES ON THE PEPPERED MOTH BISTON-BETULARIA AND A DISCUSSION OF THE ROLE OF POLLUTION AND LICHENS IN INDUSTRIAL MELANISM
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb01985.x
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发表时间：
1987-06-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
BRAKEFIELD, PM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
LIEBERT, TG;BRAKEFIELD, PM
研究了人工繁殖的白桦脂鲤雌鱼在交配和产卵过程中的休眠行为。在萨默塞特和卡迪夫[英国]的森林中被放生后。飞蛾羽化后没有立即释放，而是被关押了三个晚上，以克服最初的飞行活动。女性（N = 257）被放置在树干上，并在大型和小型树枝的树木，特别是橡树，在1984年，1985年和1986年的几个星期内。没有在任何已知幸存者的50米范围内进行释放。观察到131对配对。我们还研究了产卵行为在笼实验中使用不同类型的分支。我们的观察结果支持了Mikkola早期对雄蛾进行的笼子实验得出的结论，即该物种主要栖息在树枝上，并表现出适当的专门休息态度，这在一系列照片中得到了证明。许多飞蛾会在树冠上狭窄的树枝下或侧面休息。一旦被释放的雌性定居并配对，它们只移动很短的距离，但定位和产卵受到叶状地衣存在的深刻影响。所有表型的女性表现出强烈的偏好下叶状地衣叶状体产卵。他们倾向于休息对或接近地衣在白天可以显着影响他们的隐。在没有叶状地衣的情况下，卵产在树皮的裂缝中。本文分析了放归雌鱼在不同配对组合和整个生殖寿命中的存活率。这些初步数据表明，鸟类捕食可以引起不同配对组合和表型的死亡率差异。这项技术提供了一个强大的方法来测量相对的隐蔽性和差异的死亡率表型与生活在自然休息场所的女性。休息行为的意义，我们的意见进行了讨论方面的作用，空气污染和附生植物在工业黑化。特别注意的是，最近在英国部分地区的黑色素的频率下降的因果机制。其中一个重要因素是，自1960年代空气污染颗粒物显著减少以来，树木的新生长。强调我们需要知道更多的关于污染，附生植物和休息背景之间的相互作用，特别是在冠层，我们才能有信心我们的理解工业黑化的演变。
We examined the resting behavior during pairing and egg-laying of bred female Biston betularia (L.) after they were set free at wooded sites in Somerset and Cardiff [UK]. Moths were not released immediately on emergence but were held for three nights to overcome an initial period of flight activity. Females (N = 257) were placed on trunks, and on large and small branches of trees, especially oaks, over periods of several weeks in 1984, 1985 and 1986. Releases were not made within 50 m of any known survivor. One hundred and thirty-one pairings were observed. We also examined oviposition behaviour in a cage experiment using different types of branches. Our observations support Mikkola''s earlier conclusion from cage experiments with male moths that the species rests predominantly on branches and shows an appropriately specialized resting attitude, demonstrated here in a series of photographs. Many moths will rest underneath, or on the side of, narrow branches in the canopy. Once released females had settled and paired they only moved quite short distances, but positioning and egg-laying were profoundly influenced by the presence of foliose lichens. Females of all phenotypes show a strong preference to oviposit beneath a thallus of foliose lichens. Their tendency to rest against or close to the lichen during the day could markedly influence their crypsis. In the absence of foliose lichens, eggs are laid in cracks in the bark. The survivorship of released females both in differing pairing combination and during their whole reproductive life-span is analysed. These preliminary data suggest that bird predation can give rise to differential mortality of different pairing combination and of the phenotypes. This technique provides a powerful method of measuring the relative crypsis and differential mortality of phenotypes with living females in natural resting sites. The significance of our observations on resting behaviour is discussed with regard to the role of air pollution and epiphytes in industrial melanism. Particular attention is given to the causal mechanisms underlying recent declines in the frequency of cabonaria melanics in parts of Britain. One important factor is the new growth made by trees since the marked reduction in particulate air pollution in the 1960s. It is emphasized that we need to know much more about the interaction between pollution, epiphytes and resting backgrounds, especially in the canopy, before we can be confident of our understanding of the evolution of industrial melanism.