Complete feminization of catfish by feeding Limnodilus, an annelid worm collected in contaminated streams.
Complete feminization of catfish by feeding Limnodilus, an annelid worm collected in contaminated streams.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.018
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发表时间：
2014-08
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Ran Dong;Shijie Yang;Ruijuan Feng;Lingling Fang;Yun-lv Sun;Yao-guang Zhang;X. Xie;De-shou Wang-De-shou-Wan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ran Dong;Shijie Yang;Ruijuan Feng;Lingling Fang;Yun-lv Sun;Yao-guang Zhang;X. Xie;De-shou Wang-De-shou-Wan
背景在所有种类的脊椎动物中，都观察到了来自内分泌干扰物(EDCs)污染区域的动物雌性化。然而，通过摄食特定的活生物来人工饲养后代的雌性化还没有报道。方法采用不同的食物(包括从野外采集的淡水鱼)和时间处理对南方叉尾鱼进行处理。此外，还利用LC-MS(液-质联用)技术对采集自野生污染小溪的环节动物体内的内分泌细胞进行了检测。用Estradiol/VTGEIA试剂盒和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测血清雌二醇-17β和卵黄蛋白原(VTg)水平及性腺Sf1、Dmrt1、FoxL2、Cyp19a1a的表达水平。导致南方叉尾鱼完全雌性化，在野生条件下，它们的性别比例为1：1。此外，高效液相色谱分析表明，鱼腥草的提取液具有较高的稳定性。含有双酚A(BPA)、己烯雌酚(DES)、4-叔辛基苯酚(4-t-OP)和4-壬基苯酚(4-NP)等内源性DC，LC-MS进一步证实了这一点，用喷洒EDCs鸡尾酒的商品饲料饲养南方叉尾鱼也能获得100%的雌性，而对照鱼表现出大约1：1的性比。投喂鱼的血清雌二醇-17β和Vtg水平以及性腺激素Sf1、Dmrt1、FoxL2、Cyp19a1a的表达水平与雌性对照组相似。通过影响芳香酶的表达和内源雌激素水平，导致南方叉尾鱼雌性化。这是第一个表明摄食任何活的有机体会导致脊椎动物完全雌性化的报告。
BackgroundFeminization of animals derived from areas polluted by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been observed in all classes of vertebrates. However, feminization of artificially reared offspring by feeding of specific living organisms has never been reported.MethodsDifferent food (includingLimnodilus sppcollected from the wild) and time treatment were applied to southern catfish. In addition, EDCs inLimnodilusspp., an annelid worm collected from wild contaminated small streams, was detected by LC–MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Serum estradiol-17βand vitellogenin (VTG) levels and gonadalSf1,Dmrt1,Foxl2,Cyp19a1aexpression levels in the catfish were measured through Estradiol/VTG EIA Kit and real-time PCR.ResultsHere we report that feeding ofLimnodilusspp. resulted in complete feminization of southern catfish, which has a 1:1 sex ratio in wild conditions. Furthermore, HPLC analysis showed that the extraction ofLimnodilusspp. contained EDCs, including bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), which were further confirmed by LC–MS. Feeding southern catfish using commercial diets sprayed with EDCs cocktail also resulted in 100% female, whereas the control fish displayed approximate 1:1 sex ratio.Limnodilusspp. fed fish displayed similar serum estradiol-17βand VTG levels and gonadalSf1,Dmrt1,Foxl2,Cyp19a1aexpression levels to those of female control.ConclusionThese results demonstrated that EDCs inLimnodilusspp. cause southern catfish feminization by affecting aromatase expression and endogenous estrogen level. This is the first report showing that feeding of any living organism resulted in complete feminization of a vertebrate.