How Ecology and Landscape Dynamics Shape Phylogenetic Trees
How Ecology and Landscape Dynamics Shape Phylogenetic Trees
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DOI：
10.1093/sysbio/syv014
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发表时间：
2015-07-01
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Lambert, Amaury
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gascuel, Fanny;Ferriere, Regis;Lambert, Amaury
生物或非生物因素是否是进化枝多样化的主要驱动力是进化生物学中一个长期存在的问题。系统发育不平衡和分支放缓的普遍存在的模式已被视为支持生态位填充和生态特征的空间异质性的作用，从而支持生物过程的多样化。然而，一个适当的理论评估的生物和非生物因素在宏观进化中的相对作用，需要模型，整合两种类型的因素，这样的模型一直缺乏。在这项研究中，我们使用一个基于个人的模型来调查的时间模式的多样性驱动的生态物种在一个随机波动的地理景观。该模型生成的进化枝的形状演变的进化枝年龄。树形稳定往往发生在生态饱和后，揭示了竞争和人口统计随机性引起的物种更替。在多样化的初始阶段（异地辐射到空旷的景观），树木往往是不平衡的，分支减慢。随着多样化的进展，由于景观动态，平衡和分支的节奏可能会增加，并成为积极的。得出三个主要结论。第一，生态饱和的分支的分支并不总是表现出分支减缓。分支减速要求竞争是广泛的或异质性的景观，或景观动态的特点在地理上有所不同。相反，分支加速预测下狭窄的竞争或频繁的局部灾难。其次，生态异质性并不一定会导致生态平衡不平衡，短时间的地理隔离或频繁的本地灾难可能会导致平衡的树木，尽管空间异质性。相反，不平衡的树木可以出现没有空间异质性，特别是如果竞争广泛。第三，短的隔离时间会导致一种完全不同的、相当稳健的再生模式，这种模式是平衡的，但表现出分支减慢。总之，生物因素有一个强大的和不同的影响生态饱和的分支，并创建分支放缓和树的不平衡可能会发生的进化模板的形状。然而，景观动态和资源分布的偶然性会导致分支速度和树木平衡的广泛变化。最后，在解释真实的树木形状的变化时，模拟复制品之间的树形变化相当大，需要谨慎。[适应性辐射;异地物种形成;竞争;生态进化反馈;生态物种形成;地理隔离;宏观进化;[美国]
Whether biotic or abiotic factors are the dominant drivers of clade diversification is a long-standing question in evolutionary biology. The ubiquitous patterns of phylogenetic imbalance and branching slowdown have been taken as supporting the role of ecological niche filling and spatial heterogeneity in ecological features, and thus of biotic processes, in diversification. However, a proper theoretical assessment of the relative roles of biotic and abiotic factors in macroevolution requires models that integrate both types of factors, and such models have been lacking. In this study, we use an individual-based model to investigate the temporal patterns of diversification driven by ecological speciation in a stochastically fluctuating geographic landscape. The model generates phylogenies whose shape evolves as the clade ages. Stabilization of tree shape often occurs after ecological saturation, revealing species turnover caused by competition and demographic stochasticity. In the initial phase of diversification (allopatric radiation into an empty landscape), trees tend to be unbalanced and branching slows down. As diversification proceeds further due to landscape dynamics, balance and branching tempo may increase and become positive. Three main conclusions follow. First, the phylogenies of ecologically saturated clades do not always exhibit branching slowdown. Branching slowdown requires that competition be wide or heterogeneous across the landscape, or that the characteristics of landscape dynamics vary geographically. Conversely, branching acceleration is predicted under narrow competition or frequent local catastrophes. Second, ecological heterogeneity does not necessarily cause phylogenies to be unbalanced-short time in geographical isolation or frequent local catastrophes may lead to balanced trees despite spatial heterogeneity. Conversely, unbalanced trees can emerge without spatial heterogeneity, notably if competition is wide. Third, short isolation time causes a radically different and quite robust pattern of phylogenies that are balanced and yet exhibit branching slowdown. In conclusion, biotic factors have a strong and diverse influence on the shape of phylogenies of ecologically saturating clades and create the evolutionary template in which branching slowdown and tree imbalance may occur. However, the contingency of landscape dynamics and resource distribution can cause wide variation in branching tempo and tree balance. Finally, considerable variation in tree shape among simulation replicates calls for caution when interpreting variation in the shape of real phylogenies. [adaptive radiation; allopatric speciation; competition; eco-evolutionary feedbacks; ecological speciation; geographic isolation; Macroevolution; phylogeny]