Neighbourhood effects and beyond: Explaining the paradoxes of inequality in the changing American metropolis
Neighbourhood effects and beyond: Explaining the paradoxes of inequality in the changing American metropolis
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DOI：
10.1177/0042098018795363
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发表时间：
2018-10
期刊：
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
R. Sampson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Sampson
今天的美国城市与威尔逊在30多年前首次出版的《真正的弱势群体》（[1987]2012）中的经典描述既有相同之处，也有不同之处。集中的贫困和种族隔离依然存在，在福利的多个方面也存在种族差距。但大规模监禁、暴力犯罪的急剧下降、移民、收入隔离加剧、贫困郊区化以及其他宏观社会趋势已经改变了城市的面貌。矛盾的结果是，今天的城市既变得更好，也变得更糟。在本文中，我提出了一个关于城市不平等的持续和变化的统一框架，强调了邻里效应理论和当代大都市的高阶结构。本文运用这一分析框架来考察：(1)邻里不平等是城市转型的重要驱动力和中介；(2)复合剥夺、毒化发展、代际流动等生命过程中的种族差异；(3)超越当地社区的日常空间流动如何产生新形式的社会隔离和高阶隔离。最后，我对城市种族不平等的主流政策观点提出了挑战。
American cities today are simultaneously the same and different from Wilson’s classic portrayal in The Truly Disadvantaged ([1987] 2012), first published over 30 years ago. Concentrated poverty and racial segregation endure, as do racial gaps in multiple aspects of wellbeing. But mass incarceration, the dramatic drop in violent crime, immigration, rising income segregation, the suburbanisation of poverty, and other macrosocial trends have transformed the urban scene. The paradoxical result is that cities today are both better and worse off. In this paper, I put forth a unifying framework on persistence and change in urban inequality, highlighting a theory of neighbourhood effects and the higher-order structure of the contemporary metropolis. I apply this analytic framework to examine: (1) neighbourhood inequality as an important driver and mediator of urban transformation; (2) racial disparities across the life course in compounded deprivation, poisoned development, and intergenerational mobility; and (3) how everyday spatial mobility beyond the local neighbourhood is producing new forms of social isolation and higher-order segregation. I conclude with a challenge to dominant policy perspectives on urban racial inequality.