Compact pebbles and the evolution of volatiles in the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov

Compact pebbles and the evolution of volatiles in the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov
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致密卵石和星际彗星 2I/鲍里索夫挥发物的演化

DOI:
10.1038/s41550-021-01336-w
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
影响因子:
14.1
通讯作者:
Villard, Eric
Villard, Eric
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Yang, Bin;Li, Aigen;Cordiner, Martin A.;Chang, Chin-Shin;Hainaut, Olivier R.;Williams, Jonathan P.;Meech, Karen J.;Keane, Jacqueline V.;Villard, Eric

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星际旅行者,2 I/鲍里索夫,是第一个明显活跃的太阳系外彗星在我们的太阳系中发现。我们获得了高分辨率的干涉观测2 I/鲍里索夫与阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列(阿尔马)和多色光学观测的甚大望远镜(VLT),以获得全面了解这颗彗星的尘埃特性。我们发现2 I/Borisov的尘埃彗发由半径超过~1 mm的致密“卵石”组成,这表明尘埃颗粒在原行星盘中的弹跳碰撞阶段通过相互碰撞而经历了压实。我们得出尘埃的质量损失率为10200 kg s− 1,尘埃与气体的比率为103。我们的长期监测2 I/鲍里索夫与VLT表明,稳定的尘埃质量损失,没有显着的尘埃碎片和/或升华发生在昏迷。我们还用阿尔马检测了一氧化碳(CO)气体的排放,并推导出气体产生速率Q(CO)=(3.3 ± 0.8)× 1026 s −1。我们发现2 I/Borisov的CO/H2O混合比在近日点前后发生了剧烈的变化,这表明彗星核的异质性,在挥发性雪线以外的不同位置形成了不同化学丰度的组分。我们的观察表明,2 I/鲍里索夫的家庭系统,很像我们自己的系统,经历了有效的径向混合从其原行星盘的最里面的部分超出了冻结线的CO。
The interstellar traveller, 2I/Borisov, is the first clearly active extrasolar comet ever detected in our Solar System. We obtained high-resolution interferometric observations of 2I/Borisov with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and multi-colour optical observations with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to gain a comprehensive understanding of the dust properties of this comet. We found that the dust coma of 2I/Borisov consists of compact ‘pebbles’ of radii exceeding ~1 mm, suggesting that the dust particles have experienced compaction through mutual impacts during the bouncing collision phase in the protoplanetary disk. We derived a dust mass-loss rate of ≳200 kg s−1and a dust-to-gas ratio ≳3. Our long-term monitoring of 2I/Borisov with the VLT indicates a steady dust mass-loss with no significant dust fragmentation and/or sublimation occurring in the coma. We also detected emissions from carbon monoxide (CO) gas with ALMA and derived the gas production rate ofQ(CO) = (3.3 ± 0.8) × 1026s−1. We found that the CO/H2O mixing ratio of 2I/Borisov changed drastically before and after perihelion, indicating the heterogeneity of the cometary nucleus, with components formed at different locations beyond the volatile snow-line with different chemical abundances. Our observations suggest that 2I/Borisov’s home system, much like our own system, experienced efficient radial mixing from the innermost parts of its protoplanetary disk to beyond the frost line of CO.
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