On the social dynamics of moisture recycling
On the social dynamics of moisture recycling
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DOI：
10.5194/esd-9-829-2018
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发表时间：
2018-07-14
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Wang-Erlandsson, Lan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Keys, Patrick W.;Wang-Erlandsson, Lan
陆地水分循环的生物物理现象通过水循环的大气分支将遥远的地区连接起来。陆地表面调节向大气的蒸发以及下风处的降水这一过程正日益被人们所了解。然而，近期的研究强调需要考虑一个重要且经常被忽视的维度——社会维度。在此，我们探讨三个陆地水分循环较强的案例研究国家——蒙古、尼日尔和玻利维亚的社会动态。我们首先使用WAM - 2层水分追踪方案和ERA - Interim气候再分析，计算每个国家降水的蒸发源，即降水流域。其次，我们利用经济、粮食安全和土地利用数据来研究源区和汇区的社会方面。第三，我们对每个国家及其蒸发源的相关经济联系、土地利用政策和土地利用变化进行文献综述。水分循环分析显示，蒙古、尼日尔和玻利维亚分别循环利用自身13%、9%和18%的水分。我们对社会方面的分析表明，相对于其相应蒸发源所在的社会，每个国家内部的社会特征存在相当大的异质性。我们综合案例研究并开发了一套三种系统原型，它们捕捉了水分循环社会 - 生态系统（MRSESs）的核心特征：孤立系统、区域系统和远程耦合系统。我们的主要结果如下：(a)大气水分的地球物理远程联系由形成反馈回路的社会远程耦合所补充，从而形成复杂的适应性系统；(b)我们案例研究中社会动态的异质性使得广泛的概括变得困难，并强调了进行细致的个体分析的必要性；(c)似乎不存在一种单一的理想或不理想的MRSES，每种原型都有其利弊。对水分循环社会维度的这种探索是新兴的社会水文学学科扩展的一部分，也是对诸如社会气象学或社会气候学等新学科进一步探索的一个建议，在这些学科中，地球系统被视为一个共同进化的社会 - 生态系统。
The biophysical phenomenon of terrestrial moisture recycling connects distant regions via the atmospheric branch of the water cycle. This process, whereby the land surface mediates evaporation to the atmosphere and the precipitation that falls downwind, is increasingly well-understood. However, recent studies highlight a need to consider an important and often missing dimension - the social. Here, we explore the social dynamics of three case study countries with strong terrestrial moisture recycling: Mongolia, Niger, and Bolivia. We first use the WAM-2layers moisture tracking scheme and ERA-Interim climate reanalysis, to calculate the evaporation sources for each country's precipitation, a.k.a. the precipitationshed. Second, we examine the social aspects of source and sink regions, using economic, food security, and land-use data. Third, we perform a literature review of relevant economic links, land-use policies, and land-use change for each country and its evaporation sources. The moisture-recycling analysis reveals that Mongolia, Niger, and Bolivia recycle 13, 9, and 18% of their own moisture, respectively. Our analysis of social aspects suggests considerable heterogeneity in the social characteristics within each country relative to the societies in its corresponding evaporation sources. We synthesize our case studies and develop a set of three system archetypes that capture the core features of the moisturerecycling social-ecological systems (MRSESs): isolated, regional, and tele-coupled systems. Our key results are as follows: (a) geophysical tele-connections of atmospheric moisture are complemented by social tele-couplings forming feedback loops, and consequently, complex adaptive systems; (b) the heterogeneity of the social dynamics among our case studies renders broad generalization difficult and highlights the need for nuanced individual analysis; and, (c) there does not appear to be a single desirable or undesirable MRSES, with each archetype associated with benefits and disadvantages. This exploration of the social dimensions of moisture recycling is part of an extension of the emerging discipline of socio-hydrology and a suggestion for further exploration of new disciplines such as socio-meteorology or socio-climatology, within which the Earth system is considered as a coevolutionary social-ecological system.