Modulation of carbohydrate and fat utilization by diet, exercise and environment
Modulation of carbohydrate and fat utilization by diet, exercise and environment
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DOI：
10.1042/bst0311270
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发表时间：
2003-12-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Jeukendrup, AE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jeukendrup, AE
在休息和运动时，碳水化合物和脂肪是主要的基质。它们同时被氧化，但这两种基质的相对贡献取决于多种因素，包括运动强度和持续时间、饮食、环境条件和训练状态。在从休息到运动以及从低强度到高强度运动的过渡过程中，碳水化合物代谢的变化主要是由于变构调节。在向中等强度运动过渡时，导致脂肪代谢上调的因素以及在高强度运动时导致脂肪代谢下调的因素尚不完全清楚。底物的使用进一步受到内分泌环境（如儿茶酚胺、胰岛素、皮质醇）和可能的细胞因子（如白细胞介素-6）的调节。随着运动时间的增加，脂肪代谢明显增加，碳水化合物代谢明显减少，这主要归因于底物可利用性。急性食物摄入和慢性饮食对底物利用也有深远的影响。碳水化合物摄入量的增加会迅速抑制脂肪代谢并增加碳水化合物代谢，而这种对高脂肪饮食的适应可能需要几天的时间。环境条件也会改变基材的使用；高环境温度会增加糖原分解，因为身体核心温度升高，循环儿茶酚胺增加。低温也会增加碳水化合物的代谢，尤其是在颤抖的时候。除了这些因素外，适应训练，特别是耐力训练，将减少对碳水化合物代谢的依赖，增加脂肪氧化，特别是从肌肉内储存的甘油三酯。
At rest and during exercise carbohydrate and fat are the predominant substrates. They are oxidized simultaneously but the relative contribution of these two substrates is dependent on a variety of factors including the exercise intensity and duration, diet, environmental conditions and training status. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism during the transition from rest to exercise and from low- to high-intensity exercise are mainly due to allosteric regulation. The factors that up-regulate fat metabolism in the transition to moderate-intensity exercise and the factors that result in a down-regulation of fat metabolism at higher intensities are incompletely understood. Substrate use is further modulated by the endocrine milieu (e.g. catecholamines, insulin, cortisol) and possibly cytokines (e.g. interleukin-6). With increasing duration of exercise there are marked increases in fat metabolism and decreases in carbohydrate metabolism and this has been ascribed mainly to substrate availability. Both acute food intake and chronic diets also have profound effects on substrate utilization. An increase in carbohydrate intake will rapidly suppress fat metabolism and increase carbohydrate metabolism whereas such an adaptation to a high-fat diet may take several days. The environmental conditions can also alter substrate use; high ambient temperatures can increase glycogen breakdown as a result of increased body core temperature and increased circulation catecholamines. Low temperatures can also increase carbohydrate metabolism, especially when shivering. in addition to these factors adaptation to training, in particular endurance training, will reduce the reliance on carbohydrate metabolism and increase fat oxidation, especially from intramuscular triacylglycerol stores.