Postcranial heterochrony, modularity, integration and disparity in the prenatal ossification in bats (Chiroptera)
Postcranial heterochrony, modularity, integration and disparity in the prenatal ossification in bats (Chiroptera)
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DOI：
10.1186/s12862-019-1396-1
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发表时间：
2019-03-12
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Wilson, Laura A. B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lopez-Aguirre, Camilo;Hand, Suzanne J.;Wilson, Laura A. B.
背景自动力飞行是脊椎动物中能量消耗最大的运动方式之一。它还与一系列极端的形态生理适应有关，这些适应在三个不同的脊椎动物群体中独立进化。考虑到发育是选择作用的基因型和表型之间的桥梁，研究后颅骨的骨化可能会阐明我们对蝙蝠飞行进化的理解。然而，脊椎动物飞行的个体发生基础在很大程度上仍然研究不足。序列异时性和形态发生生长的定量分析的进展为研究骨骼形态发生的多样性和可进化性的发育基础创造了新的方法。整合和模块化从进化的方法允许评估飞行是否可能导致进化差异的幅度和模式的发展在蝙蝠。骨化的postcranium（24骨）之间的蝙蝠（14种），非volant哺乳动物（11种）和鸟类（14种），结合首次产前序列异时性和发育生长数据。序列异时性被发现跨组，表明蝙蝠颅后发育的股票模式中发现的其他飞行脊椎动物，但也在非volant哺乳动物。在蝙蝠中，模块化被发现作为一个轴向apapapricular分区，类似于哺乳动物的模式的发展模块化，并建议飞行没有重新模式产前postcranial协方差在bats.ConclusionsCombining产前数据从14蝙蝠种，这项研究是最全面的定量分析翼手类骨化的日期。蝙蝠翅膀和腿之间的异时性可能反映了新生儿的功能需求，而不是成年人的生态方面。蝙蝠与鸟类在参与飞行的结构（即手翼和胸骨）的发育方面有相似之处，这表明飞行altriciality和足趾骨和胸骨的早期骨化在飞行脊椎动物中很常见。这些结果表明，在蝙蝠中发现的发展模块化促进模块内的骨架表型多样化。整合和差距增加整个蝙蝠的发展时间。我们还发现了高度适应性和可进化区域（例如手翼和胸骨）的骨化延迟，这些区域与飞行性能直接相关。
BackgroundSelf-powered flight is one of the most energy-intensive types of locomotion found in vertebrates. It is also associated with a range of extreme morpho-physiological adaptations that evolved independently in three different vertebrate groups. Considering that development acts as a bridge between the genotype and phenotype on which selection acts, studying the ossification of the postcranium can potentially illuminate our understanding of bat flight evolution. However, the ontogenetic basis of vertebrate flight remains largely understudied. Advances in quantitative analysis of sequence heterochrony and morphogenetic growth have created novel approaches to study the developmental basis of diversification and the evolvability of skeletal morphogenesis.Assessing the presence of ontogenetic disparity, integration and modularity from an evolutionary approach allows assessing whether flight may have resulted in evolutionary differences in the magnitude and mode of development in bats.ResultsWe quantitatively compared the prenatal ossification of the postcranium (24 bones) between bats (14 species), non-volant mammals (11 species) and birds (14 species), combining for the first time prenatal sequence heterochrony and developmental growth data. Sequence heterochrony was found across groups, showing that bat postcranial development shares patterns found in other flying vertebrates but also those in non-volant mammals. In bats, modularity was found as an axial-appendicular partition, resembling a mammalian pattern of developmental modularity and suggesting flight did not repattern prenatal postcranial covariance in bats.ConclusionsCombining prenatal data from 14 bat species, this study represents the most comprehensive quantitative analysis of chiropteran ossification to date. Heterochrony between the wing and leg in bats could reflect functional needs of the newborn, rather than ecological aspects of the adult. Bats share similarities with birds in the development of structures involved in flight (i.e. handwing and sternum), suggesting that flight altriciality and early ossification of pedal phalanges and sternum are common across flying vertebrates. These results indicate that the developmental modularity found in bats facilitates intramodular phenotypic diversification of the skeleton. Integration and disparity increased across developmental time in bats. We also found a delay in the ossification of highly adaptable and evolvable regions (e.g. handwing and sternum) that are directly associated with flight performance.