Education and Family Background: Mechanisms and Policies
Education and Family Background: Mechanisms and Policies
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DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.1620398
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发表时间：
2010-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Salvanes;Anders Bjorklund
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Salvanes;Anders Bjorklund
在我们有数据的每个社会中，人们的教育成就与父母的教育或父母社会经济地位的其他指标呈正相关。这一主题是社会科学的核心，毫无疑问，近几十年来研究得到了加强，尤其是由于研究人员可以获得更好的数据。本章的目的是总结和评价最近关于教育和家庭背景的实证研究。一般来说，我们关注这个主题的两个相关但不同的动机。第一是机会平等。在这里，主要的研究问题是：家庭背景对教育程度的决定因素有多重要，以及家庭背景-广义上包括个人没有选择的因素-是教育程度的主要决定因素，还是次要决定因素？是什么机制使家庭背景变得重要？具体的政策改革是否成功地减少了家庭背景对教育成就的影响？最近研究的第二个共同出发点是儿童发展的观点。在这里，重点是人力资本积累是如何受到幼儿资源的影响。以此为重点的研究要解决的问题是：父母的哪些资源或投入对儿童的发展是重要的，它们为什么重要，何时重要？此外，这一文献的重点是探讨哪些类型的经济政策，以及什么样的时机的政策，有关儿童的社会和认知发展，有利于儿童的表现和成人的成果。这项研究的政策兴趣是改变父母的资源和限制的政策是否会对他们的孩子产生因果影响。
In every society for which we have data, people’s educational achievement is positively correlated with their parents’ education or with other indicators of their parents’ socioeconomic status. This topic is central in social science, and there is no doubt that research has intensified during recent decades, not least thanks to better data having become accessible to researchers. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and evaluate recent empirical research on education and family background. Broadly speaking, we focus on two related but distinct motivations for this topic. The first is equality of opportunity. Here, major the research issues are: How important a determinant of educational attainment is family background, and is family background – in the broad sense that incorporates factors not chosen by the individual – a major, or only a minor, determinant of educational attainment? What are the mechanisms that make family background important? Have specific policy reforms been successful in reducing the impact of family background on educational achievement? The second common starting point for recent research has been the child development perspective. Here, the focus is on how human-capital accumulation is affected by early childhood resources. Studies with this focus address the questions: what types of parental resources or inputs are important for children's development, why are they important and when are they important? In addition, this literature focuses on exploring which types of economic policy, and what timing of the policy in relation to children's social and cognitive development, are conducive to children's performance and adult outcomes. The policy interest in this research is whether policies that change parents' resources and restrictions have causal effects on their children.