Animal communication: insights from linguistic pragmatics
Animal communication: insights from linguistic pragmatics
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动物交流：语言语用学的见解
DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.10.013
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Scott-Phillips T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Scott-Phillips T
动物信号是什么意思Rendall等人（2009）最近认为，这样的问题实际上是不恰当的。根据Rendall等人的观点，要接受这个问题是有意义的（没有双关语），在采用管道隐喻（Reddy 1979）时，信息被视为从信号发送者传递到接收者的具体实体。当然，这个想法有直观的吸引力，它渗透到日常交流的语言（如“让你的信息通过”;“给我你的想法”，等等，Reddy（1979）。正如Rendall等人所观察到的，这种观点必然采用（有时明确，有时不）香农和韦弗的通信模型（Shannon & Weaver 1949），其中消息被编码，传输，然后解码。然而，根据Rendall等人的说法，这是一种不恰当的描述动物交流的方式。相反，他们认为动物交流更好地被认为是影响其他生物的过程。Rendall等人对此进行了论证，理由是管道隐喻忽略了塑造信号设计的许多重要因素，包括它未能捕捉到信号发送者和接收者之间的不对称性，而这些不对称性是通信的固有组成部分。的推理是有说服力的。然而，他们没有提到最令人信服的论点：影响他人实际上就是沟通的含义（Maynard Smith &哈珀2003; Scott-Phillips 2008）。此外，任何确实发生的信息传递（在不确定性减少的意义上，Shannon & Weaver 1949）完全取决于动物对彼此的行为（Scott-Phillips 2008）。例如，当一只黑长尾猴（Chlorocebus aethiops）听到老鹰的警报时，不确定性不仅会降低，而且会降低以下所有方面：附近有另一个成员;呼叫者的生产工具（声道等）。是在工作秩序;猴子自己的接收工具（它的耳朵，等）。处于工作状态;事实上，信号中包含的信息量是无限的：世界可能会以无数种方式发生变化，使得长尾猴不再以正常方式听到警报呼叫（可能发生地震;可能发生流星撞击长尾猴;物理定律可能突然改变;等等）。所有这些事件的不确定性都被一个事实所减少，即长尾猴以正常的方式听到了警报，这意味着无限数量的信息被“传递”。这些事件和鹰的出现之间的区别在于，警报呼叫的进化是为了减少鹰存在的不确定性，但它并没有进化到减少其他可能性的不确定性。同样，长尾猴的反应（躲在灌木丛中）是对呼叫的进化反应。所有这些都意味着即使我们真的希望设想交流
What do animal signals mean? Rendall et al.(2009) recently argued that such a question is in fact ill posed. To accept the question as meaningful (no pun intended) depends, according to Rendall et al., upon the adoption of the conduit metaphor (Reddy 1979), in which information is seen as a concrete entity that is to be passed from signaller to receiver. Certainly, this idea has intuitive appeal, and it pervades the everyday language of communication (eg ‘get your message across’;‘send me your ideas’, etc., see Reddy 1979). As Rendall et al. observed, this perspective necessarily adopts (sometimes explicitly, sometimes not) the Shannon and Weaver model of communication (Shannon & Weaver 1949), in which messages are encoded, transmitted, and then decoded. Yet this is, according to Rendall et al., an inappropriate way in which to characterize animal communication. They suggest instead that animal communication is better considered as a process of influencing other organisms. Rendall et al. argued for this on the grounds that the conduit metaphor overlooks many important factors that shape signal design, including that it fails to capture the asymmetries between signaller and receiver that are an inherent part of communication.Rendall et al.’s reasoning is persuasive. However, they did not mention the most compelling argument in their favour: that influencing others is actually what it means to communicate (Maynard Smith & Harper 2003; Scott-Phillips 2008). Furthermore, any information transfer that does occur (in the sense that uncertainty is reduced, Shannon & Weaver 1949) is entirely dependent on what the animals are doing to one another (Scott-Phillips 2008). For example, when a vervet monkey, Chlorocebus aethiops, hears the alarm call for an eagle, uncertainty is reduced not just with respect to the presence or otherwise of an eagle, but also all of the following: that there is another member of its troop in the local vicinity; that the caller’s productive tools (its vocal tract, etc.) are in working order; that the monkey’s own receptive tools (its ears, etc.) are in working order; and so on. In fact, the amount of information contained in the signal is infinite: there are an infinite number of ways in which the world could change such that the vervet would no longer hear the alarm call in a normal way (an earthquake may occur; a meteor may hit the vervet; the laws of physics may suddenly change; and so on). Uncertainty about all of these events is reduced by the fact that the vervet has heard the alarm call in a normal way, meaning that an infinite amount of information is ‘transferred’. The difference between these events and the presence of the eagle is that the alarm call evolved to reduce uncertainty about the presence of eagles, but it did not evolve to reduce uncertainty about the other possibilities. Similarly, the vervet’s response (hiding in bushes) is an evolved reaction to the call. All of which means that even if we do wish to conceive of communication
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