The geometrical form of volcanic cones and the elastic limit of lava
The geometrical form of volcanic cones and the elastic limit of lava
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火山锥的几何形态与熔岩的弹性极限
DOI：
10.2475/ajs.s3-30.178.283
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发表时间：
1885
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
G. Becker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Becker
火山锥的一般特征。如果一种流体或部分流体的物质，如熔岩，从平原上的一个孔口流出，并在口部附近凝结，就会形成堆积，一个隆起的团块或多或少地几乎重新形成一个锥体。如果固体在底部的阻力大于载荷，物质将或可能继续积聚在上部孔隙上，而如果朝向底部的阻力小于载荷，则将必然发生物质的重新调整。因此，可以推断，在有利的环境下，火山锥将近似于某种确定的形状，而这一推断又被众所周知的事实所加强，即火山口的形状已经被塑料材料的实验所密切模仿。观察也表明，火山锥的特征是轮廓具有显著的规则性，无论在哪里观察到的更规则的火山锥的轮廓都惊人地相似。米尔恩的结果。约翰·米尔恩教授曾讨论过火山锥的形状，但他的论文并没有得到应有的重视，据我所知，他的论文是第一次尝试给自然表面赋予一种确定的几何形状。我没有看到任何参考这一事实，它完全逃脱了我自己的注意，直到材料的论文就这个问题完成。我的结果和
General character of a volcanic cone.-If a fluid or partially fluid substance, such as lava, issues from an orifice in a plain and congeals about the mouth, the accumulation will form,an elevated mass more or less nearly reselllbling a cone. If the resistance of this solid at the base is greater than the load, matter will or may continue to accumulate on the upper pore tion, while if the resistance towards the base is smaller than the load, a readjustment of material will necessarily take place. It is to be inferred, therefore, that under favorable circumstances volcanic cones will approximate to some definite form, and this inference is strengthened by the well known fact that the form of craters has been closely imitated by experiments on plastic material. Observation, too, shows that volcanic cones are char· acterized by a remarkable regularity of outline and that the outlines of the more regular cones of volcanoes wherever observed are strikingly similar. Milne's results.-Professor John Milne has discussed the form of volcanic cones,* but his papers have not received the attention they deserve, containing, so far as I know, the first attempt to assign a definite geometrical form to a natural surface.t Though his papers are cited in some recent works on geology, I have seen no reference to this fact and it had entirely escaped my own attention until the material for a paper on the subject was completed. My results are closely