Sex hormones in the cardiovascular system
Sex hormones in the cardiovascular system
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DOI：
10.1515/hmbci-2013-0048
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发表时间：
2014-05-01
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
Stefanon, Ivanita
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
dos Santos, Roger Lyrio;da Silva, Fabricio Braganca;Stefanon, Ivanita
已经在人类和动物中描述了心血管疾病发展中的性别相关差异。这些差异可以解释女性在生育期心血管疾病的低发病率，如中风，高血压和动脉粥样硬化。在女性中观察到的心血管保护作用归因于雌激素对内皮功能的有益作用。除了雌激素外，性激素还能通过作用于心血管、肾脏和神经等重要系统来调节血压。它们可以有互补或对抗的作用。例如，睾酮可以通过刺激肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统来升高血压，而雌激素单独或与孕酮联合使用与血压降低有关。睾酮在心血管疾病发展中的作用是矛盾的。虽然一些研究人员认为这是一种积极的影响，但其他研究人员则认为睾酮具有负面作用。雌激素在生理上刺激内皮源性血管舒张因子的释放并抑制肾素-血管紧张素系统。虽然雌激素的心脏保护作用被广泛认可，但对常用于激素替代疗法的孕酮的作用知之甚少。预后在血管系统中具有血管舒张和血管收缩作用，这取决于血管的位置和暴露水平。然而，性激素调节血压的机制尚未完全阐明。因此，这些特征可能会导致更好地了解高血压的妇女和男子，并可能改善形式的治疗。
Gender-associated differences in the development of cardiovascular diseases have been described in humans and animals. These differences could explain the low incidence of cardiovascular disease in women in the reproductive period, such as stroke, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The cardiovascular protection observed in females has been attributed to the beneficial effects of estrogen on endothelial function. Besides estrogen, sex hormones are able to modulate blood pressure by acting on important systems as cardiovascular, renal, and neural. They can have complementary or antagonistic actions. For example, testosterone can raise blood pressure by stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, whereas estrogen alone or combined with progesterone has been associated with decreased blood pressure. The effects of testosterone in the development of cardiovascular disease are contradictory. Although some researchers suggest a positive effect, others indicate negative actions of testosterone. Estrogens physiologically stimulate the release of endothelium-derived vasodilator factors and inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. Although the cardioprotective effects of estrogen are widely appreciated, little is known about the effects of progesterone, which is commonly used in hormone replacement therapy. Progesterone has both vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive effects in the vasculature, depending on the location of the vessel and the level of exposure. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which sex hormones modulate blood pressure have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the characterization of those could lead to a better understanding of hypertension in women and men and perhaps to improved forms of therapy.