Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; Effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study
Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; Effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study
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DOI：
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.003
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发表时间：
2009-07-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Oldehinkel, Albertine J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bouma, Esther M. C.;Riese, Harriette;Oldehinkel, Albertine J.
关于性激素对皮质醇对觉醒和压力反应的影响的研究主要在成年人中进行，而针对青少年的报道很少。我们在大量青少年样本中研究了性别、月经周期阶段和口服避孕药 (OC) 使用对皮质醇反应的影响。数据来自TRAILS（跟踪青少年个人生活调查），这是一项针对荷兰青少年的前瞻性人口研究。本研究使用了 644 名青少年（15-17 岁，54.7% 男孩）的数据，他们参加了实验室课程，其中包括与表现相关的社会压力任务（公开演讲和心算）。在醒来后和实验室期间，通过多个唾液样本评估游离皮质醇水平。没有发现性别和月经期对皮质醇对觉醒的反应有显着影响，而使用 OC 的女孩表现出稍微迟钝的反应 (F(1, 244) = 5.30, p = .02)。男孩和自由骑行女孩的皮质醇对社会压力的反应不同 (F(3, 494) 9.73, p < .001)，OC 用户和自由骑行女孩 (F(3, 279) = 15.12, p < .001)。出乎意料的是，OC 用户在社交压力测试中根本没有任何反应，但皮质醇水平 F(1, 279) = 19.03, p < .001) 呈线性下降。我们发现月经周期阶段对皮质醇对社会压力的反应没有影响 (F(3, 157) = 0.58, p = .55)。本研究发现青少年皮质醇觉醒反应不存在性别差异，这与之前的报告一致。我们的结果进一步表明，青少年 OC 用户在醒来后表现出轻微的皮质醇反应，并且青春期皮质醇对社会压力反应的性别差异与成年人群的描述相当，即男性的反应强于女性。之前针对成年人的研究表明，与男性和自由骑行女性相比，OC 使用者的压力反应较弱，而青少年 OC 使用者则没有表现出皮质醇反应。无法研究 OC 类型的影响，因为有两种 OC 仅基于孕激素。 (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Studies on the influence of sex hormones on cortisol responses to awakening and stress have mainly been conducted in adults, while reports on adolescents are scarce. We studied the effects of gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on cortisol responses in a large sample of adolescents. Data come from TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a prospective population study of Dutch adolescents. This study uses data of 644 adolescents (age 15-17 years, 54.7% boys) who participated in a laboratory session including a performance-related social stress task (public speaking and mental arithmetic). Free cortisol levels were assessed by multiple saliva samples, both after awakening and during the laboratory session. No significant effects of gender and menstrual phase on cortisol responses to awakening were found, while girls using OC displayed a slightly blunted response (F(1, 244) = 5.30, p = .02). Cortisol responses to social stress were different for boys and free-cycling girls (F(3, 494) 9.73, p < .001), and OC users and free-cycling girls (F(3, 279) = 15.12, p < .001). Unexpectedly, OC users showed no response at all but displayed linearly decreasing levels F(1, 279) = 19.03, p < .001) of cortisol during the social stress test. We found no effect of menstrual cycle phase on cortisol responses to social stress (F(3, 157) = 0.58, p = .55). The absence of a gender difference in the adolescents' cortisol awakening response found in this study is consistent with previous reports. Our results further suggest that adolescent OC users display slightly blunted cortisol responses after awakening, and that gender differences in cortisol responses to social stress during adolescence are comparable to those described for adult populations, that is, stronger responses in men than in women. Whereas previous work in adults suggested blunted stress responses in OC users compared to men and free-cycling women, adolescent OC users showed no cortisol response. Effects of type of OC could not be studied because of tow numbers of OC that were only progestin based. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.