Green prison programmes, recidivism and mental health: A primer.
Green prison programmes, recidivism and mental health: A primer.
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绿色监狱计划、累犯和心理健康：入门。
DOI：
10.1002/cbm.1978
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. van der Linden
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. van der Linden
尽管美国拥有世界上最大的监狱人口，但大多数监狱康复计划因缺乏任何可证明的功效而受到批评，最终“对累犯没有明显的影响”（Lipton等人，1975年，第25页）。然而，自20世纪90年代以来，美国各地的监狱见证了所谓的绿色监狱计划的增长。这类举措的突出例子包括在加州州圣昆廷州立监狱实施的“洞察花园计划”、在加利福尼亚州圣弗朗西斯科实施的“花园项目”、在整个华盛顿州监狱实施的“监狱可持续性”举措、在俄亥俄州实施的桑达斯基县监狱园艺计划，或许最值得注意的是在纽约市雷克岛实施的“温室"计划。虽然存在各种不同的方案，但“绿色”监狱方案基本上是为囚犯提供一种生态疗法-即由受过训练的专业人员通过基于自然的方法进行身体和心理治疗。参加这些方案通常涉及从事园艺和园艺活动，如景观美化、种植植物、绿色屋顶园艺以及学习环境管理和照顾自然和动物。其中许多方案还提供基本职业教育，练习正念，并向囚犯传授社交技能，如如何有效地与他人合作（Jiler，2006年）。这些方案应成为研究和公共政策的关注焦点，以取得两个成果：（1）降低累犯率和（2）改善心理健康。自行公布的绿色监狱方案毕业生的累犯率非常低，根据具体方案的不同，在10%至24%之间（吉尔伯特，2012年）。不幸的是，这些数字背后的数据往往没有公开。它们主要来自内部方案评价，这些评价以自我选择的小样本为基础，
Although the USA has the largest prison population in the world, most prison rehabilitation programmes have been criticised for lacking any demonstrable efficacy, ultimately ‘having no appreciable effect on recidivism’ (Lipton et al., 1975, p. 25). Yet, since the 1990s, prisons around the USA have witnessed the growth of so-called green prison programmes. Prominent examples of such initiatives include the Insight Garden Program (IGP) administered in the San Quentin, California (CA) State Prison, The Garden Project in San Francisco, CA, the Sustainability in Prisons initiative administered throughout Washington State prisons, the Sandusky County Jail Gardening program in Ohio and perhaps most notably, the ‘GreenHouse’ (GH) program in Riker’s Island, New York City. While variations exist, ‘green’ prison programmes essentially provide a form of eco-therapy to prisoners – which is prescribed physical and psychological therapy through nature-based methods administered by trained professionals. Participation in these programmes usually involves engaging in gardening and horticultural activities such as landscaping, cultivating plants, green roof gardening and learning about environmental stewardship and caring for nature and animals. Many of these programmes also provide basic vocational education, practice mindfulness and teach prisoners social skills, such as how to work effectively with others (Jiler, 2006). These programmes should be a focal point of interest to both research and public policy for two outcomes: (1) low recidivism rates and (2) improved mental health. Self-published recidivism rates of graduates of green prison programmes are exceptionally low, ranging between 10% and 24% depending on the specific programme (Gilbert, 2012). Unfortunately, the data underlying these numbers are often not made public. They come mainly from internal programme evaluations based on small and self-selected samples that often have no clearly