The archaeology of New World slave societies: A comparative analysis with particular reference to St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles.
The archaeology of New World slave societies: A comparative analysis with particular reference to St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles.
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新世界奴隶社会的考古学：特别参考荷属安的列斯群岛圣尤斯特歇斯的比较分析。
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发表时间：
2005
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通讯作者：
R. Gilmore
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作者：
R. Gilmore
在这篇论文中，综合分析了美洲各地奴隶制遗址的历史和考古资料，以确定奴隶主在改变非裔美国人社会中的文化角色。采用比较的方法，我回顾了与每个欧洲殖民强国相关的模式。人们普遍认为，环境条件在很大程度上决定了奴隶建筑和食物的方式。然而，我将展示与奴隶有关的建筑、饮食、宗教和法律中的特定模式，这些模式与17至19世纪英国、法国、西班牙、荷兰和丹麦殖民地的欧洲文化模式有关。我还确定了解放前时期奴隶待遇的临时变化，这些变化具有与每个殖民国家的欧洲族裔特性有关的具体物质文化模式。以荷属安的列斯群岛的圣尤斯特图斯为例，我论证了比较分析在确定指导和影响被奴役非洲人的生活并反映在物质文化遗迹中的欧洲民族文化趋势方面的有效性。这些文化标记可以分为三个主题类别，这将为本论文提供共同的线索。首先，种族，包括主人的欧洲种族起源，美洲原住民社区，以及各种非洲文化遗产，影响了奴隶的生活。其次，奴隶作为农业劳动者、熟练商人、士兵、看守人，然后是各个殖民地的原住民的角色，显然影响了他们的认同感。第三，主奴关系在不同程度上影响了各殖民地奴隶的日常生活。在圣尤斯特修斯，这种比较是在两个层面上阐述的。首先，奴隶参与圣尤斯特彻斯的殖民经济不同于在其他殖民地发现的情况，因为奴隶在其中扮演着更加活跃的角色。Statian的经济不是建立在单一种植园的基础上，而是建立在提供自由贸易港的基础上，这在当时的西印度群岛是无与伦比的。在这种经济中，奴隶不是商品，而是商人和商人本身的直接参与者，在某种程度上是其他任何地方都找不到的。以前没有研究者试图重建奴隶在这个贸易经济中是如何工作的。其次，奴隶在经济中的这种参与导致了他们在岛上的主人所认为的文化和经济格局中的独特地位。这反映在奴隶住房的位置、管理奴隶参与经济活动的法律、奴隶宗教以及逃跑和抵抗的机会上。作为比较分析的一部分，我还对来自圣尤斯特图斯、尼维斯、圣卢西亚、安提瓜、圣克罗伊和巴布达的奴隶生产的陶瓷或非洲加勒比陶器进行了薄片分析。他们的目标是检查任何岛屿特有的粘土类型的差异，为这些陶瓷可能的环加勒比贸易网络提供证据。我已经确定，每个岛屿都生产出独特的陶瓷类型，这些器皿可能在岛屿之间进行了某种交换。结论表明，只有在全球范围内进行比较分析，才能确定在每个欧洲大国下影响奴隶物质文化的独特参数。希望这篇论文能鼓励更多的比较研究，特别是在法国、西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地地区。
In this thesis, a synthetic analysis of historical and archaeological material from slave sites across the Americas is used to identify the cultural role of the slave holder in transforming African-American societies. Using a comparative approach, I have reviewed patterns associated with each European colonial power. It is generally believed that environmental conditions determined much in the way of slave architecture and foodways. However, I will show that ther are specific patterns in slave related architecture, foodways, religion and laws that are linked to Euro-ethinic cultural patterns in English, French, Spanish, Dutch and Danish colonies during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. I have also identified the temporal changes in the treatment of slaves during the pre-emancipation period that have specific material cultural patterns associated with the Euro-ethnic identity of each colonial power. Using St. Eustatius in the Netherlands Antilles as a case study, I demonstrate the efficacy of comparative analyses in identifying Euro-ethnic cultural trends that guided and affected enslaved African's lives and are reflected in material cultural remains. These cultural markers can be classified within three thematic catagories that will provide common threads thoughout the thesis. First, ethnicity, comprising the Euro-ethnic origins of masters, Native American communities, and diverse African cultural legacies, influenced slaves' lives. Second, slave roles as agricultural labourers, skilled tradesmen, soldiers, watchmen and then as natives of the various colonies clearly affected their sense of identity. Third, power relations between masters and slaves influenced aspects of slaves' daily life to varying degrees in each colony. On St. Eustatius the comparisons are articulated on two levels. First, slave involvement in the colonial economy on St. Eustatius was unlike that found in the other colonies in that slaves were much more active actors within it. The Statian economy was not based upon plantation monoculture but on providing a free trade port that was then unequalled in the West Indies. In this economy, slaves were not commodities but also direct participants as merchants and traders themselves to a degree not found anywhere else. No previous researcher has attempted to reconstruct how slaves worked in this trade economy. Second, this involvement of slaves in the economy led to a unique position in the cultural and economic landscape as perceived by their masters on the island. This is reflected in the location of slave housing, laws governing slave participation in economic activities, slave religion, and in opportunities for escape and resistence. As part of this comparative analysis, I have also conducted a thin-section analysis of slave produced ceramics or Afro-Caribbean ware from St. Eustatius, Nevis, St. Lucia, Antigua, St. Croix and Barbuda. The goal was to examine any island specific differences in clay types to provide evidence for possible circum-Caribbean trade networks for these ceramics. I have determined that each island produced unique ceramic types and that there may have been some exchange of these vessels among islands. The conclusion reveals that only a comparative analysis on a global scale can identify the unique parameters impacting slave material culture under each European power. It is hoped that this thesis will encourage further comparative research, particularly in French, Spanish and Portuguese colonial areas.