Variable temperature regimes and wetland salinity reduce performance of juvenile wood frogs.
Variable temperature regimes and wetland salinity reduce performance of juvenile wood frogs.
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变化的温度和湿地盐度会降低幼林蛙的表现。
DOI：
10.1007/s00442-022-05243-3
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Rittenhouse, Tracy A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dahrouge, Nicole C.;Rittenhouse, Tracy A.
在一个不断变化的星球上，两栖动物必须对频率和幅度变化的天气事件做出反应，以及这些温度和降水的变化如何与其他改变两栖动物栖息地的人为干扰相互作用。为了了解环境条件的剧烈变化如何影响林蛙蝌蚪，我们测试了五种温度操作，包括环境(水温跟踪每日气温)、升高(+ 高于环境3℃)、夜间(去除夜间低点)、尖峰(每三周高于环境+ 6℃)和通量(每周交替环境和 + 3℃)与低盐(比电导率：109-207微米S厘米)和高盐(1900-2000微米S厘米)交叉。我们重复了10种治疗方法中的每一种，重复了四次。高盐度条件下的变质作用大于低盐度条件下的变质作用。仅使用Spike处理可降低蝌蚪的存活率(P= 0.017)。温度升高不会缩短幼虫的发育周期；不同温度处理的幼虫变态时间没有差异(P= 0.328)。我们保留了135只新近变态的青蛙在室外陆地围栏中10个月，以调查幼虫环境的携带影响。幼蛙在低密度的陆地围栏中比在高密度的围栏中生长得更大(P= 0.015)，而在环境低盐幼蛙条件下的青蛙比在操纵幼蛙条件下的青蛙生长和存活得更好。来自高盐幼虫条件的青蛙的存活率低于来自低盐条件的青蛙。我们的结果表明，对幼虫环境条件的人为干扰可以影响幼虫和变态后的个体，高盐度幼虫条件的有害影响直到幼虫生命阶段才会出现。
On a changing planet, amphibians must respond to weather events shifting in frequency and magnitude, and to how those temperature and precipitation changes interact with other anthropogenic disturbances that modify amphibian habitat. To understand how drastic changes in environmental conditions affect wood frog tadpoles, we tested five temperature manipulations, including Ambient (water temperatures tracking daily air temperatures), Elevated (+ 3 °C above ambient), Nightly (removal of nightly lows), Spike (+ 6 °C above ambient every third week), and Flux (alternating ambient and + 3 °C weekly) crossed with Low Salt (specific conductivity: 109–207 µS-cm) and High Salt (1900–2000 µS-cm). We replicated each of the ten resulting treatments four times. High-salinity conditions produced larger metamorphs than low-salinity conditions. Tadpole survival was reduced only by the Spike treatment (P= 0.017). Elevated temperatures did not shorten larval periods; time to metamorphosis did not differ among temperature treatments (P= 0.328). We retained 135 recently metamorphosed frogs in outdoor terrestrial enclosures for 10 months to investigate larval environment carryover effects. Juvenile frogs grew larger in low-density terrestrial enclosures than high density (P= 0.015) and frogs from Ambient Low Salt larval conditions grew and survived better than frogs from manipulated larval conditions. Frogs from High Salt larval conditions had lower survival than frogs from Low Salt conditions. Our results suggest that anthropogenic disturbances to larval environmental conditions can affect both larval and post-metamorphic individuals, with detrimental carryover effects of high-salinity larval conditions not emerging until the juvenile life stage.