Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans
Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans
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DOI：
10.1111/1475-6773.13220
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发表时间：
2019-10-29
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Miller, Carolyn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bleich, Sara N.;Findling, Mary G.;Miller, Carolyn
目的探讨美国黑人成年人遭受种族歧视的经历，这在很大程度上导致了他们不良的健康结果。数据来源和研究设计数据来自一项具有全国代表性的基于概率的电话调查，包括802名非西班牙裔黑人和902名非西班牙裔白色美国成年人的对照组，2017年1月至4月进行。方法我们计算了在包括医疗保健在内的几个领域报告歧视的黑人比例。我们使用逻辑回归来比较黑人和白人在歧视几率上的差异，而在黑人中只检查社会经济地位、性别和社区种族组成的差异。主要发现大约三分之一的黑人（32%）报告在临床遭遇中受到歧视，而22%的人由于预期的歧视而避免为自己或家人寻求医疗保健。大多数黑人成年人报告说，他们在就业方面受到歧视（57%在获得同工同酬/晋升方面; 56%在申请工作方面），警察互动（60%报告说被警察阻止/不公平对待），听到微攻击（52%）和种族诽谤（51%）。在调整后的模型中，黑人在每个领域报告歧视的几率都明显高于白人。在黑人中，拥有大学学位与经历整体制度discrimination.ConclusionsThe程度的歧视报告在几个领域的生活表明，在美国黑人的歧视，超越孤立的经验，广泛的模式。在公共和私营机构，包括保健和警察方面，几乎所有方面都存在着黑人和白人的差异。系统性歧视的证据表明，需要采取更积极的体制干预措施，在政策和实践中解决种族主义问题。
ObjectiveTo examine experiences of racial discrimination among black adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to their poor health outcomes.Data Source and Study DesignData come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey including 802 non-Hispanic black and a comparison group of 902 non-Hispanic white US adults, conducted January-April 2017.MethodsWe calculated the percent of blacks reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the black-white difference in odds of discrimination, and among blacks only to examine variation by socioeconomic status, gender, and neighborhood racial composition.Principal FindingsAbout one-third of blacks (32 percent) reported experiencing discrimination in clinical encounters, while 22 percent avoided seeking health care for themselves or family members due to anticipated discrimination. A majority of black adults reported experiencing discrimination in employment (57 percent in obtaining equal pay/promotions; 56 percent in applying for jobs), police interactions (60 percent reported being stopped/unfairly treated by police), and hearing microaggressions (52 percent) and racial slurs (51 percent). In adjusted models, blacks had significantly higher odds than whites of reporting discrimination in every domain. Among blacks, having a college degree was associated with higher odds of experiencing overall institutional discrimination.ConclusionsThe extent of reported discrimination across several areas of life suggests a broad pattern of discrimination against blacks in America, beyond isolated experiences. Black-white disparities exist on nearly all dimensions of experiences with public and private institutions, including health care and the police. Evidence of systemic discrimination suggests a need for more active institutional interventions to address racism in policy and practice.