Magnetic resonance histology.
Magnetic resonance histology.
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磁共振组织学。
DOI：
10.1002/jmri.24774
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Johnson,GAllan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Johnson,GAllan
保罗·劳特伯（Paul Lauterbur）关于磁共振成像（MRI）的开创性文章的结束语指出，“层析技术（成像）应该在微观物体的内部结构、状态和组成的研究中找到许多有用的应用”(1)。核磁共振成像已经彻底改变了临床医学和基础科学。很少有创新能将化学、物理、工程、放射学、神经科学和分子医学等广泛不同的学科结合在一起。在2015年6月刊的《Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging》中，Pacholczyk-Sienicka等人的文章再次证明了Lauterbur教授的结论(2)。在“预测晚期结直肠癌患者的生存期……”，作者展示了一种利用复杂的核磁共振（NMR）光谱技术对病理标本进行分析的新方法。将这些信息添加到病理报告中，可以提高临床医生对复杂组织即癌症的“内部组成”的洞察力。自20世纪70年代末引进核磁共振成像以来，两个平行的团体一直在追求劳特布尔博士的梦想。工程师和放射科医生在推进MRI技术和应用于复杂临床环境方面取得了巨大进展。在1975年，在医院广泛使用液态冷冻设备在后勤和经济上都是不可想象的。我们已经从磁共振成像早期的低场（0.15 T）电阻磁体发展到具有独立低温冷却器的超导7.0 T磁体。同时，基础科学家早在1986年就将空间分辨率推进到微观领域（3-5）。在那些研究中，分辨率还不足以分辨单个细胞，但现在连这个屏障都已经消失了。Flint等人最近制作了各向同性分辨率为6.25 mm的单个神经元的MR图像(6)。这些图像的体素体积（244飞升）比标准临床扫描的体素（1毫米3¼1毫升）小400多万倍。此外，基础和临床社区之间也有频繁的交流。例如，扩散张量成像是基于Stejskal和Tanner(7)的光谱研究，并被Mosely等人对神经元扩散各向异性的成像观察(8)和Basser等人对扩散张量的发展(9)所放大。这些进展与最初的概念演示遵循类似的路径-通常存在常规临床应用的技术障碍。那些看起来完全不切实际、临床价值不确定的应用逐渐屈服于基础科学家和临床科学家的共同努力，为人类组织和疾病提供了更深入的了解。正如本期报道的病理标本的光谱学研究表明，磁共振组织学（MRH）正在进入临床应用。我们相信病理标本的高分辨率成像也会有类似的好处。MRH是利用核磁共振对组织结构的研究，于1993年提出（10）。在小鼠模型中，MRH已被广泛用于连接基因型和表型（11-13）。此外，MRH定义的表型表达导致通过跨物种基因定位鉴定人类基因（14）。
The closing sentence of Paul Lauterbur’s seminal article on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) states," Zeugmatographic techniques (imaging) should find many useful applications in studies of internal structures, states and composition of microscopic objects"(1). MRI has revolutionized both clinical medicine and basic science. Few innovations have brought together such widely different disciplines, including chemistry, physics, engineering, radiology, neuroscience, and molecular medicine. In the June 2015 issue of the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the article by Pacholczyk-Sienicka et al again demonstrates Professor Lauterbur’s conclusion (2). In" Prediction of survival for patients with advanced colorectal cancer...," the authors demonstrate a novel analysis of pathology specimens using sophisticated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. The addition of such information to the pathology report improves the clinician’s insight into the" internal composition" of the complex tissue that is cancer. Since the introduction of MRI in the late 1970s, two parallel communities have been pursuing Dr. Lauterbur’s dream. Engineers and radiologists have made enormous progress in advancing MRI technologies and applications for the complex clinical environment. The widespread use of liquid cryogens in the hospital seemed logistically and economically unthinkable in 1975. We have moved from the lowfield (0.15 T) resistive magnets of the earliest days of MRI to superconducting 7.0 T magnets with selfcontained cryogenic coolers. At the same time, basic scientists pushed spatial resolution into the microscopic domain as early as 1986 (3–5). The resolution in those studies was not sufficient to resolve individual cells, but now even that barrier has fallen. Flint et al recently produced MR images of individual neurons with isotropic resolution at 6.25 mm (6). The voxel volume of these images (244 femtoliters) is more than 4 million times smaller than the voxel of a standard clinical scan (1 mm3 ¼ 1 mL). In addition, there has been frequent exchange between the basic and clinical communities. Diffusion tensor imaging, for example, is based on spectroscopic studies by Stejskal and Tanner (7), amplified by Mosely et al’s imaging observation of neuronal diffusion anisotropy (8) and Basser et al’s development of the diffusion tensor (9). These advances have followed similar paths with initial demonstration of the concept—frequently with technical barriers to routine clinical use. Applications that appear to be totally impractical and of dubious clinical value gradually yield to the combined efforts of basic and clinical scientists, providing greater insight into human tissue and disease.As the spectroscopy study of pathology specimens reported in this issue demonstrates, magnetic resonance histology (MRH) is finding its way into clinical use. We believe that higher-resolution imaging of pathology specimens will have similar benefits. MRH, which is the study of tissue structure using NMR, was proposed in 1993 (10). MRH has found wide use in connecting genotype to phenotype in mouse models (11–13). Furthermore, phenotypic expression, as defined by MRH, has led to identification of human genes through cross-species gene mapping (14).