The Role of Economic Diversification in Forest Ecosystem Management

The Role of Economic Diversification in Forest Ecosystem Management
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经济多样化在森林生态系统管理中的作用

DOI:
10.1007/s40725-017-0054-3
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
9.5
通讯作者:
Messerer
Messerer
中科院分区:
农林科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Messerer

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审查目的我们概述了森林管理多样化的经济驱动因素和后果。从对最佳森林构成的正式投资组合理论分析开始,我们回顾了其他经常被忽视的影响多样化的因素。我们审查的一个特别重点是经济多样化和多功能性之间的相互关系,询问最优经济多样化是否支持多种生态系统服务水平的提高作为正外部性。最近的发现考虑森林管理中经济多样化的分析主要建立在马科维茨的投资组合选择理论的基础上,该理论本质上是一种统计理论。他们强调,森林构成、再生和/或间伐策略、原木质量或树龄等级的经济多样化可以显着降低风险。进一步的研究假设,规避风险的土地所有者将作为其管理策略的副产品为社会提供利益,因为经济多样化通常与生物多样性的增强和多种生态系统服务水平的提高有关。总结我们确定了经济多样化的驱动因素和后果,这些在以前的研究中很少涉及。这些目标包括实现生存、平衡不同林分类型之间依赖于地点的边际经济回报、利用混合树种之间的协同效应以及随着时间的推移实现平均效应(时间多样化)。影响多样化和受多样化影响的另一个重要因素是多功能性,因为经济多样化本身并不一定会自动提供更大范围的不确定的生态系统服务。因此,未来的研究可以将经典的投资组合方法扩展到多目标、稳健的优化。
Purpose of ReviewWe give an overview of economic drivers and consequences of diversification in forest management. Starting with formal portfolio-theory analyses of the optimal forest composition, we review other, often-disregarded factors that influence diversification. A special focus of our review is the interrelation between economic diversification and multifunctionality, asking if optimal economic diversification supports increased levels of multiple ecosystem services as a positive externality.Recent FindingsAnalyses considering economic diversification in forest management mainly build on Markowitz’ theory of portfolio selection, which is essentially a statistical theory. They emphasize that the economic diversification of forest composition, regeneration and/or thinning strategies, quality of timber logs, or age classes can significantly reduce risks. Further studies assume that risk-averse landowners will provide benefits for the society as a by-product of their management strategies, because economic diversification is usually associated with enhanced biodiversity and higher levels of multiple ecosystem services.SummaryWe identify drivers and consequences of economic diversification that have been seldom addressed in previous studies. These include the aim to achieve subsistence, to balance site-dependent marginal economic return among various stand types, to utilize synergistic effects between mixed tree species and to achieve averaging effects over time (time diversification). Another important factor influencing and influenced by diversification is multifunctionality, because economic diversification alone does not necessarily automatically provide a larger range of uncertain ecosystem services. Consequently, future research could extend classical portfolio approaches to multi-objective, robust optimization.
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