Unravelling Ribosome Function Through Structural Studies.
Unravelling Ribosome Function Through Structural Studies.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-28151-9_3
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Abid T. Javed;E. Orlova
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Abid T. Javed;E. Orlova
核糖体是一种生物纳米机器，可以合成细胞内的所有蛋白质。花了几十年的时间才揭示了这个重要的细胞组件的架构。要了解这种纳米机器的结构-功能关系，需要利用不同的生化、生物物理和结构技术。结构研究与由各种RNA和蛋白质组成的不同核糖体复合体的突变相结合，使我们能够了解这台机器在细胞内是如何工作的。如今，相当多的核糖体结构被发表，证实了关于核糖体合成蛋白质的特定步骤的生化研究。确定了四个主要步骤：启动、延长、终止和回收。这些步骤将我们引向如何调节核糖体功能的重要问题。低温电子显微镜技术的进步：样品制备、图像记录、图像分析和处理算法的发展大大有助于揭示核糖体的结构细节。我们现在有了一个从原核生物到真核生物的核糖体结构库，这使我们能够理解这种纳米机器的复杂机制。随着这个结构文库的持续增长，我们逐渐提高了对这一过程的理解，以及如何调节它，以及如何使特定的核糖体停滞或激活，或完全失活。本文提供了核糖体结构的全面概述，这些结构代表了核糖体在不同功能状态下的结构快照。更好的理解提出了更具体的问题，这些问题必须通过确定更复杂的结构来解决。
Ribosomes are biological nanomachine that synthesise all proteins within a cell. It took decades to reveal the architecture of this essential cellular component. To understand the structure -function relationship of this nanomachine needed the utilisisation of different biochemical, biophysical and structural techniques. Structural studies combined with mutagenesis of the different ribosomal complexes comprising various RNAs and proteins enabled us to understand how this machine works inside a cell. Nowadays quite a number of ribosomal structures were published that confirmed biochemical studies on particular steps of protein synthesis by the ribosome . Four major steps were identified: initiation , elongation, termination and recycling. These steps lead us to the important question how the ribosome function can be regulated. Advances in technology for cryo electron microscopy: sample preparations, image recording, developments in algorithms for image analysis and processing significantly helped in revelation of structural details of the ribosome . We now have a library of ribosome structures from prokaryotes to eukaryotes that enable us to understand the complex mechanics of this nanomachine. As this structural library continues to grow, we gradually improve our understanding of this process and how it can be regulated and how the specific ribosomes can be stalled or activated, or completely disabled. This article provides a comprehensive overview of ribosomal structures that represent structural snapshots of the ribosome at its different functional states. Better understanding rises more particular questions that have to be addressed by determination structures of more complexes.Synopsis: Structural biology of the ribosome.