Extreme events in running waters
Extreme events in running waters
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DOI：
10.1111/fwb.12673
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发表时间：
2015-12-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Milner, Alexander M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ledger, Mark E.;Milner, Alexander M.
极端气候事件是气候变化的自然特征，也是流水的主要组织力量。气候变化正在改变极端情况的发生，了解其对河流和溪流生态系统的深远影响是一项优先研究任务。这期特刊的目的是统一对影响全球河流和河流生态系统的各种不同极端事件的研究，包括热浪和炎热天、火灾、干旱、暴雨和洪水、热带气旋、风暴潮和沿海洪水。本期包括综述以及观察性和试验性案例研究，评估从个体到生态系统和食物网等多个生物组织层面的极端事件对从极地到热带的河流和溪流生态系统的生态影响。总之，这些论文综合了极端事件及其影响的知识，找出了研究差距，并提出了新的假设和方法来指导未来的研究。这些贡献表明，灾难性洪水、干旱和热浪等单一事件的影响高度依赖于背景，从有害到有益不等，并取决于相对于组成物种生命周期的事件规模、范围和时间。并非所有极端事件都会产生极端的生态影响，但累积、复合或跨关键生物或物理阈值的事件组合可能会产生最不利的生态后果。在描述罕见和常见事件时，长期监测方案和传感器网络至关重要。其他方法，包括实验，将需要获得对极端事件更强的机械性理解，并预测和管理未来可能更频繁和更激烈的事件。
Extreme climatic events are a natural feature of climate variability and a major organising force in running waters. Climate change is shifting the occurrence of extremes, and understanding the far-reaching consequences for river and stream ecosystems is a research priority. The aim of this special issue is to unite research on the wide array of contrasting extreme events affecting river and stream ecosystems globally, including heat waves and hot days, fires, droughts, heavy rainfall and floods, tropical cyclones, storm surges and coastal flooding. This issue contains reviews as well as observational and experimental case studies that assess the ecological impacts of extreme events at multiple levels of biological organisation, from individuals to ecosystems and food webs, in river and stream ecosystems from the poles to the tropics. Together, these papers synthesise knowledge of extreme events and their effects, identify research gaps and propose new hypotheses and approaches to guide future research. The contributions reveal that impacts of single events such as catastrophic floods, droughts and heat waves are highly context dependent, ranging from deleterious to beneficial, and are contingent upon event magnitude, extent and timing relative to life cycles of constituent species. Not all extreme events generate extreme ecological impacts, but combinations of events that are cumulative, compound or cross key biological or physical thresholds may have the most adverse ecological consequences. Long-term monitoring programmes and sensor networks are essential in describing rare and usual events. Other approaches, including experiments, will be needed to gain a stronger mechanistic understanding of extreme events, and to predict and manage future events that may be more frequent and intense.