Tolerance Evaluation for Defocused Images to Optical Watermarking Technique
Tolerance Evaluation for Defocused Images to Optical Watermarking Technique
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DOI：
10.1109/jdt.2013.2285436
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发表时间：
2014-02
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Y. Ishikawa;K. Uehira;K. Yanaka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Ishikawa;K. Uehira;K. Yanaka
在本文中，我们描述了一个新的方面来评估的鲁棒性的光学水印技术，这是一种独特的技术，可以添加水印信息的对象图像数据与数码相机，而无需任何特定的额外的硬件架构。然而，由于该技术使用具有嵌入水印信息的光，该光照射到对象图像上，所以用数码相机拍摄照片的条件可能影响嵌入水印数据可以被检测到的精度。用数码相机拍摄的图像通常是散焦的，这发生在非最佳条件下。我们评估了图像中的散焦对光学水印可以被检测到的准确性。图像中的散焦可以用与线扩展函数（LSF）的卷积来表示。我们使用高斯函数的半峰全宽（FWHM）值作为图像散焦的程度，它可以近似LSF。我们进行了实验，其中的检测精度进行了评估，因为我们不同的程度，图像散焦。实验结果表明，光学水印技术对图像散焦具有很强的鲁棒性。
In this paper, we describe a new aspect to evaluating the robustness of the optical watermarking technique, which is a unique technology that can add watermarked information to object image data taken with digital cameras without any specific extra hardware architecture. However, since this technology uses light with embedded watermarked information, which is irradiated onto object images, the condition of taking a picture with digital cameras may affect the accuracy with which embedded watermarked data can be detected. Images taken with digital cameras are usually defocused, which occurs under non-optimal conditions. We evaluated the defocusing in images against the accuracy with which optical watermarking could be detected. Defocusing in images can be expressed with convolution with a line-spread function (LSF). We used the value of full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of a Gaussian function as the degree to which images were defocused, which could approximate LSF. We carried out experiments where the accuracies of detection were evaluated as we varied the degree to which images were defocused. The results from the experiments revealed that optical watermarking technology was extremely robust against defocusing in images.