The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma
The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma
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DOI：
10.1542/peds.2007-1648
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发表时间：
2008-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8
通讯作者：
Mancini, Anthony D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bonanno, George A.;Mancini, Anthony D.
几十年来，研究人员已经记录了暴露于腐蚀性早期环境的儿童的显著恢复力水平，例如那些存在贫困或长期虐待的儿童;然而，相对较少的研究对暴露于孤立和潜在创伤事件的儿童或成人的恢复力进行了研究。历史上对潜在创伤事件后心理和生理功能障碍的强调表明，这些事件几乎总是会产生持久的情感伤害。然而，最近的研究一直表明，在不同类型的潜在创伤事件中，包括丧亲之痛，严重疾病和恐怖袭击，超过50%的人被发现表现出弹性。研究进一步确定了对潜在创伤性事件的反应的大量个体差异，包括4个原型和经验得出的结果轨迹：慢性功能障碍，恢复，弹性和延迟反应。促进恢复力的因素是异质的，包括各种以人为中心的变量（例如，孩子的气质，个性，应对策略），人口统计学变量（例如，男性性别，年龄较大，教育程度较高）和社会背景因素（例如，支持关系，社区资源）。令人惊讶的是，一些促进对潜在创伤事件的恢复力的因素在其他情况下可能是适应不良的，而其他因素则具有更广泛的适应性。鉴于越来越多的证据表明复原力是普遍的，心理治疗应该保留给那些真正需要的人。
For decades, researchers have documented remarkable levels of resilience in children who were exposed to corrosive early environments, such as those in which poverty or chronic maltreatment were present; however, relatively little research has examined resilience in children or adults who were exposed to isolated and potentially traumatic events. The historical emphasis on psychological and physiologic dysfunction after potentially traumatic events has suggested that such events almost always produce lasting emotional damage. Recent research, however, has consistently shown that across different types of potentially traumatic events, including bereavement, serious illness, and terrorist attack, upward of 50% of people have been found to display resilience. Research has further identified substantial individual variation in response to potentially traumatic events, including 4 prototypical and empirically derived outcome trajectories: chronic dysfunction, recovery, resilience, and delayed reactions. Factors that promote resilience are heterogeneous and include a variety of person-centered variables (eg, temperament of the child, personality, coping strategies), demographic variables (eg, male gender, older age, greater education), and sociocontextual factors (eg, supportive relations, community resources). It is surprising that some factors that promote resilience to potentially traumatic events may be maladaptive in other contexts, whereas other factors are more broadly adaptive. Given the growing evidence that resilience is common, psychotherapeutic treatment should be reserved for those in genuine need.