Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
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作者：
Gao, F;Bailes, E;Hahn, BH
人类艾滋病病毒人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV-1）和2型（HIV-2）代表跨物种（人畜共患）感染（1-4）。虽然HIV-2的灵长类宿主已被明确地确定为黑白斑猴（Cercocebus atys）（2,4-7），但HIV-1的起源仍不确定。与HIV-1相关的病毒已经从普通黑猩猩（类人猿）中分离出来（8,9），但只有三种这样的SIVcpz感染被记录下来（1,10,11），其中一种涉及的病毒如此不同（11），以至于它可能代表了不同的灵长类慢病毒谱系。在寻找HIV-1病毒库的过程中，黑麦对一种新的SIVcpz病毒株（SIVcpzUS）的基因组进行了测序，并通过线粒体DNA分析确定了所有已知感染SIVcpz病毒的黑猩猩的亚种身份。我们发现非洲的两个黑猩猩亚种，中部的类人猿和东部的施韦因富蒂猿携带SIVcpz，它们各自的病毒形成了两个高度不同（但亚种特异性）的系统发育谱系。所有已知感染人类的HIV-1毒株，包括HIV-1组M、N和O，都与这些SIVcpz谱系中的一种密切相关，这种谱系在穴居人疟原虫中发现。此外，我们发现HIV-1 N组是SIVcpzUS-和htv -1相关序列的嵌合体，表明在黑猩猩宿主中发生了祖先重组事件。这些结果，再加上观察到的穴居人猿猴的自然分布范围与HIV-1的M、N和O组特有的区域一致，表明穴居人猿猴是HIV-1的主要储存库，并且是至少三次SIVcpz独立引入人类群体的来源。
The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections(1-4). Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys)(2,4-7), the origin of HIV-1 remains uncertain. Viruses related to HIV-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)(8,9), but only three such SIVcpz infections have been documented(1,10,11), one of which involved a virus so divergent(11) that it might represent a different primate lentiviral lineage. In a search for the HIV-1 reservoir, rye have now sequenced the genome of a new SIVcpz strain (SIVcpzUS) and have determined, by mitochondrial DNA analysis, the subspecies identity of all known SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees. We find that two chimpanzee subspecies in Africa, the central P. t. troglodytes and the eastern P. t. schweinfurthii, harbour SIVcpz and that their respective viruses form two highly divergent (but subspecies-specific) phylogenetic lineages. All HIV-1 strains known to infect man, including HIV-1 groups M, N and O, are closely related to just one of these SIVcpz lineages, that found in P. t. troglodytes. Moreover, we find that HIV-1 group N is a mosaic of SIVcpzUS- and HTV-1-related sequences, indicating an ancestral recombination event in a chimpanzee host. These results, together with the observation that the natural range of P. t. troglodytes coincides uniquely with areas of HIV-1 group M, N and O endemicity, indicate that P. t. troglodytes is the primary reservoir for HIV-I and has been the source of at least three independent introductions of SIVcpz into the human population.