Reward-related neuronal activity during go-nogo task performance in primate orbitofrontal cortex.
Reward-related neuronal activity during go-nogo task performance in primate orbitofrontal cortex.
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DOI：
10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.1864
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发表时间：
2000-04
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
L. Tremblay;W. Schultz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Tremblay;W. Schultz
眶额皮层似乎参与通过动机结果控制自愿的、目标导向的行为。这项研究调查了眶额神经元如何处理依赖于完整眶额功能的任务中的奖励信息。在延迟的“go-nogo”任务中，动物执行或抑制伸手动作，并获得液体或条件声音作为强化。初始指令图片指示了后续触发刺激后要执行的行为反应（运动与非运动）以及要获得的强化物（液体与声音）。我们在头侧眶额区 13、整个区域 11 和外侧区 14 的 505 个神经元中的 188 个中发现了与任务相关的激活。主要的任务相关激活包括对指令的反应、强化物之前的激活或对强化物的反应。大多数激活反映的是强化事件而不是其他任务组成部分。指令反应发生在液体或声音强化试验中，但很少区分运动反应和非运动反应。这些指令反应反映了预测的动机结果，而不是获得该结果所需的行为反应。强化物之前的激活缓慢开始，并在强化物之后立即终止，即使强化物发生得比平常早或晚。这些激活通常先于液体奖励，但很少先于条件听觉强化物。这些激活也发生在任务之外预期的液体滴落之前，这表明主要的食欲而不是任务强化关系，这显然与奖励的期望有关。强化剂后的反应发生在液体强化试验中，但在声音强化试验中很少出现。奖励之前的激活和奖励反应在时间上与舔动作无关。一些神经元在任务外表现出奖励反应，但在任务期间表现出指令反应，表明反应从初级奖励转移到奖励预测指令，可能反映了奖励的时间不可预测性。总之，眶额神经元报告与强化剂相关的刺激与奖励的期望有关，并在试验结束时检测奖励的传递。这些活动可能有助于奖励信息的处理，以实现目标导向行为的动机控制。
The orbitofrontal cortex appears to be involved in the control of voluntary, goal-directed behavior by motivational outcomes. This study investigated how orbitofrontal neurons process information about rewards in a task that depends on intact orbitofrontal functions. In a delayed go-nogo task, animals executed or withheld a reaching movement and obtained liquid or a conditioned sound as reinforcement. An initial instruction picture indicated the behavioral reaction to be performed (movement vs. nonmovement) and the reinforcer to be obtained (liquid vs. sound) after a subsequent trigger stimulus. We found task-related activations in 188 of 505 neurons in rostral orbitofrontal area 13, entire area 11, and lateral area 14. The principal task-related activations consisted of responses to instructions, activations preceding reinforcers, or responses to reinforcers. Most activations reflected the reinforcing event rather than other task components. Instruction responses occurred either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished between movement and nonmovement reactions. These instruction responses reflected the predicted motivational outcome rather than the behavioral reaction necessary for obtaining that outcome. Activations preceding the reinforcer began slowly and terminated immediately after the reinforcer, even when the reinforcer occurred earlier or later than usually. These activations preceded usually the liquid reward but rarely the conditioned auditory reinforcer. The activations also preceded expected drops of liquid delivered outside the task, suggesting a primary appetitive rather than a task-reinforcing relationship that apparently was related to the expectation of reward. Responses after the reinforcer occurred in liquid- but rarely in sound-reinforced trials. Reward-preceding activations and reward responses were unrelated temporally to licking movements. Several neurons showed reward responses outside the task but instruction responses during the task, indicating a response transfer from primary reward to the reward-predicting instruction, possibly reflecting the temporal unpredictability of reward. In conclusion, orbitofrontal neurons report stimuli associated with reinforcers are concerned with the expectation of reward and detect reward delivery at trial end. These activities may contribute to the processing of reward information for the motivational control of goal-directed behavior.