Sex Differences in Cognitive Trajectories in Clinically Normal Older Adults
Sex Differences in Cognitive Trajectories in Clinically Normal Older Adults
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DOI：
10.1037/pag0000070
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发表时间：
2016-03-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Resnick, Susan M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
McCarrey, Anna C.;An, Yang;Resnick, Susan M.
年龄对认知功能的影响是有据可查的，但性别对认知老化轨迹的影响不太清楚。我们对来自巴尔的摩老龄化纵向研究的1，065至2，127名参与者（平均基线年龄64.1至69.7岁）进行了各种测量，这些参与者在平均3.0至9.0年的随访间隔内重复测试，平均2.3至4.4次评估。在每次访视时进行记忆和其他认知测试，评估精神状态、言语学习和记忆、图形记忆、语言、注意力、感知速度和整合、执行功能和视觉空间能力。重要的是，在所有时间点没有认知障碍的参与者都用于分析。结果显示，对于所有测试，基线时年龄越大，得分越低，表现越差。此外，年龄的增长与性能的加速纵向下降（精神状态的趋势）有关。在调整年龄，教育和种族后，在大多数特定认知能力测试中观察到性别差异。在基线时，男性在视觉空间能力的2项任务上优于女性，女性在大多数其他认知测试中优于男性。随着时间的推移，认知变化的性别差异表明，男性在精神状态、感知速度和整合以及视觉空间能力方面的下降率更高，但女性没有表现出明显更高的下降率。我们的研究结果强调了与男性相比，老年女性对与年龄相关的认知能力下降具有更大的弹性。
Age effects on cognitive functioning are well-documented, but effects of sex on trajectories of cognitive aging are less clear. We examined cognitive ability across a variety of measures for 1,065 to 2,127 participants (mean baseline age 64.1 to 69.7 years) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who were repeatedly tested over a mean follow-up interval of 3.0 to 9.0 years with a mean of 2.3 to 4.4 assessments. Memory and other cognitive tests were administered at each visit, assessing mental status, verbal learning and memory, figural memory, language, attention, perceptuomotor speed and integration, executive function, and visuospatial ability. Importantly, participants free from cognitive impairment at all time points were used in the analyses. Results showed that for all tests, higher age at baseline was significantly associated with lower scores, and performance declined over time. In addition, advancing age was associated with accelerated longitudinal declines in performance (trend for mental status). After adjusting for age, education, and race, sex differences were observed across most tests of specific cognitive abilities examined. At baseline, males outperformed females on the 2 tasks of visuospatial ability, and females outperformed males in most other tests of cognition. Sex differences in cognitive change over time indicated steeper rates of decline for men on measures of mental status, perceptuomotor speed and integration, and visuospatial ability, but no measures on which women showed significantly steeper declines. Our results highlight greater resilience to age-related cognitive decline in older women compared with men.