NICOTINE WITHDRAWAL VERSUS OTHER DRUG-WITHDRAWAL SYNDROMES - SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES
NICOTINE WITHDRAWAL VERSUS OTHER DRUG-WITHDRAWAL SYNDROMES - SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03744.x
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发表时间：
1994-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
BICKEL, WK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HUGHES, JR;HIGGINS, ST;BICKEL, WK
尼古丁戒断的许多症状与其他药物戒断综合症的症状相似：焦虑、睡眠中醒来、抑郁、难以集中注意力、不耐烦、易怒/愤怒和不安。心率减慢和体重增加是戒烟的显著特征。尽管尼古丁戒断可能不会产生医学后果，但它会持续几周，对一些吸烟者来说可能是严重的。像大多数其他药物的戒断一样，尼古丁的戒断是有时间限制的，发生在非人类身上，受到指令/预期的影响，并通过替代疗法和逐渐减少来缓解。与其他一些药物戒断综合征不同的是，不会发生稽延性、新生儿或沉淀性戒断。尼古丁戒断是否与耐受性、急性身体依赖、更长的使用时间和强度、快速恢复、症状阶段、与其他尼古丁配体的交叉依赖、非药物干预减少和遗传影响有关尚不清楚。尼古丁戒断是否在吸烟复发中起主要作用还没有确定，但对于其他药物戒断综合征也是如此。
Many of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are similar to those of other drug withdrawal syndromes: anxiety, awakening during sleep, depression, difficulty concentrating, impatience, irritability/anger and restlessness. Slowing of the heart rate and weight gain are distinguishing features of tobacco withdrawal. Although nicotine withdrawal may not produce medical consequences, it lasts for several weeks and can be severe in some smokers. Like most other drug withdrawals, nicotine withdrawal is time-limited, occurs in non-humans, is influenced by instructions/expectancy and abates with replacement therapy and gradual reduction. Unlike some other drug withdrawal syndromes, protracted, neonatal or precipitated withdrawal does not occur. Whether nicotine withdrawal is associated with tolerance, acute physical dependence, greater duration and intensity of use, rapid reinstatement, symptom stages, cross-dependence with other nicotine ligands, reduction by non-pharmacological interventions and genetic influences is unclear. Whether nicotine withdrawal plays a major role in relapse to smoking has not been established but this is also true for other drug withdrawal syndromes.