Induced airflow in flying insects II. Measurement of induced flow
Induced airflow in flying insects II. Measurement of induced flow
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.01958
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发表时间：
2006-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
S. Sane;Nathaniel P. Jacobson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Sane;Nathaniel P. Jacobson
摘要昆虫和鸟类的翅膀在飞行过程中会在其身体上产生强烈的气流。虽然这种流动会影响飞行动物的感觉生物学和生理学，但关于这种自生流场的特征或其生物学后果的数据很少。在配套文件中提出的一个模型估计了飞行昆虫的诱导流。在这项研究中，我们使用了一对热线风速计来测量这种流动在两个位置附近的身体拴着扑翅鹰蛾，天蛾。轴向流入风速计测量的是进入冲程平面之前的气流，而径向流出风速计测量的是穿过冲程平面之后的气流。热线风速计的高时间分辨率使我们不仅可以测量平均诱导流，还可以测量在1-4倍翼拍频率下发生的细微高频扰动。这些数据提供了证据的预测的数学模型中提出的配套文件。具体而言，测量的诱导流量的绝对值与模型的估计值相匹配。此外，如模型所预测的，诱导流随翼拍频率线性变化。我们的实验还表明，机翼屈曲有助于显着观察到的高频干扰。因此，热线风速测量技术提供了一种有用的手段来量化机翼弯曲的空气动力学特征。诱导流的相位和紧张成分影响几个生理过程，如对流热损失和气体交换在吸热昆虫，以及改变的机械和嗅觉刺激的感觉器官的飞行昆虫的性质。
SUMMARY The flapping wings of insects and birds induce a strong flow over their body during flight. Although this flow influences the sensory biology and physiology of a flying animal, there are very little data on the characteristics of this self-generated flow field or its biological consequences. A model proposed in the companion paper estimated the induced flow over flying insects. In this study, we used a pair of hot wire anemometers to measure this flow at two locations near the body of a tethered flapping hawk moth, Manduca sexta. The axial inflow anemometer measured the airflow prior to its entry into the stroke plane, whereas the radial outflow anemometer measured the airflow after it crossed the stroke plane. The high temporal resolution of the hot wire anemometers allowed us to measure not only the mean induced flow but also subtle higher frequency disturbances occurring at 1-4 times the wing beat frequency. These data provide evidence for the predictions of a mathematical model proposed in the companion paper. Specifically, the absolute value of the measured induced flow matches the estimate of the model. Also, as predicted by the model, the induced flow varies linearly with wing beat frequency. Our experiments also show that wing flexion contributes significantly to the observed higher frequency disturbances. Thus, the hot wire anemometry technique provides a useful means to quantify the aerodynamic signature of wing flexion. The phasic and tonic components of induced flow influence several physiological processes such as convective heat loss and gas exchange in endothermic insects, as well as alter the nature of mechanosensory and olfactory stimuli to the sensory organs of a flying insect.