Evolutionary derived modulations of attention to two common fear stimuli: Serpents and hostile humans
Evolutionary derived modulations of attention to two common fear stimuli: Serpents and hostile humans
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DOI：
10.1080/20445911.2011.629603
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发表时间：
2012-02-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Esteves, Francisco
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ohman, Arne;Soares, Sandra C.;Esteves, Francisco
在本文中，我们提出了一个进化分析的注意刺激，威胁从进化的角度来看，如愤怒的面孔和蛇。我们回顾数据显示，愤怒的，被描绘的愤怒的面孔更迅速地检测到比快乐的面孔在视觉搜索设置，只要他们是男性和干扰是多余的，在这个意义上说，他们是从一个小的一组面孔。根据Isbell（2009）的小说《蛇的检测理论》，我们预测蛇作为典型的捕食者，应该比蜘蛛更快地被检测到，因为蜘蛛对灵长类动物的捕食威胁较小。我们回顾了一系列的实验，从我们的实验室表明，蛇确实是更迅速地检测到比蜘蛛提供的目标刺激是在一个苛刻的视觉环境中，如许多干扰刺激，或在周边视觉。此外，在执行主要注意力任务时，它们比蜘蛛更容易分散注意力。由于蛇不受感知负荷的影响，而蜘蛛遵循通常的规则，在感知负荷较低的情况下更好地检测，我们得出结论，照顾蛇可能构成一种进化适应。
In this paper we present an evolutionary analysis of attention to stimuli that are threatening from an evolutionary perspective, such as angry faces and snakes. We review data showing that angry, photographically depicted angry faces are more rapidly detected than happy faces in a visual search setting provided that they are male and that distractors are redundant in the sense that they are drawn from a small set of faces. Following Isbell's (2009) novel Snake Detection Theory, we predicted that snakes, as the prototypical predators, should be more rapidly detected than spiders, given that spiders have provided less of a predatory threat for primates. We review a series of experiments from our laboratory showing that snakes indeed are more rapidly detected than spiders provided that the target stimuli are presented in a demanding visual context, such as many distractor stimuli, or in peripheral vision. Furthermore, they are more distracting than spiders on the performance of a primary attention task. Because snakes were not affected by perceptual load, whereas spiders followed the usual rule of better detection with low perceptual load, we concluded that attending to snakes might constitute an evolutionary adaptation.