Evolution of the RALF Gene Family in Plants: Gene Duplication and Selection Patterns.
Evolution of the RALF Gene Family in Plants: Gene Duplication and Selection Patterns.
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植物中 RALF 基因家族的进化：基因复制和选择模式
DOI：
10.4137/ebo.s9652
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Shi F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cao J;Shi F
快速碱化因子（Rapid alkalinization factors，RALFs）是一种能诱导植物细胞悬浮培养液中pH快速升高的植物小肽，在植物生长发育中起着重要作用。RALF基因家族的进化过程仍不清楚。为了获得这些基因的遗传学细节，本研究表征了拟南芥、水稻、白杨和玉米中的RALF基因。利用系统发育树、进化模式和分子进化速率等方法对该基因家族的进化过程进行了分析。此外，还分析了RALF的选择、表达模式和亚细胞定位的不同特征。我们发现RALF基因家族在1.45亿年前真双子叶植物和单子叶植物分离后有一个快速的诞生过程，串联重复在拟南芥和水稻RALF基因家族的扩展中起主导作用，根据这些基因的替换率估计，RALF基因家族处于纯化选择中。我们还确定了RALF基因的表达模式的多样性和RALF蛋白的主要细胞外定位功能。我们的研究结果揭示了植物物种中RALF基因家族进化的几个关键差异，这可能为该家族未来的功能分析提供一个支架。
Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) are plant small peptides that could induce a rapid pH increase in the medium of plant cell suspension culture and play a critical role in plant development. The evolutionary process of the RALF gene family remains unclear. To obtain details of the phylogeny of these genes, this study characterized RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, poplar and maize. Phylogenetic trees, evolutionary patterns and molecular evolutionary rates were used to elucidate the evolutionary process of this gene family. In addition, the different signatures of selection, expression patterns, and subcellular localization of RALFs were also analyzed. We found that the RALF gene family had a rapid birth process after the separation of the eudicot and monocot species about 145 million years ago, that tandem duplication played a dominant role in the expansion of Arabidopsis and rice RALF gene family, and that RALFs were under purifying selection according to estimations of the substitution rates of these genes. We also identified a diverse expression pattern of RALF genes and predominant extracellular localization feature of RALF proteins. Our findings shed light on several key differences in RALF gene family evolution among the plant species, which may provide a scaffold for future functional analysis of this family.