Integrating microbiome science and evolutionary medicine into animal health and conservation
Integrating microbiome science and evolutionary medicine into animal health and conservation
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.13030
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发表时间：
2023-11-13
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Muletz-Wolz，Carly R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bornbusch，Sally L.;Power，Michael L.;Muletz-Wolz，Carly R.
微生物组科学为人类和动物健康提供了突破性的见解。同样，进化医学-将生态进化概念纳入主要是人类的医学理论和实践-越来越多地被认可为现代疾病的新视角。宿主-微生物关系的研究已经扩展到人类以外，包括广泛的动物类群，为我们对动物生态学，进化，行为和健康的理解增加了新的方面。在这篇综述中，我们提出进化医学的更广泛应用，结合微生物组科学，可以为动物护理和保护提供有价值的创新观点。首先，我们借鉴经典的生态学原理，如替代稳定状态，提出一个生态进化框架，以了解动物微生物组的变化及其在动物健康和福祉中的作用。重点关注哺乳动物肠道微生物组，我们将此框架应用于人类护理下的动物群体，特别是与许多患有与肠道微生物功能障碍相关的疾病（例如肠道不适和感染，自身免疫性疾病，肥胖症）的动物物种。我们讨论饮食和微生物景观（即动物外部环境中的微生物），作为两个因素，（i）提出代表圈养动物的进化失配，（ii）与肠道微生物组结构和功能有关，（iii）从进化医学的角度可能最好理解。在我们的进化框架内，我们强调了现代微生物疗法的潜在好处和陷阱，例如益生菌和益生菌，粪便微生物群移植和微生物野化。我们讨论了有限的，但越来越多的，使用微生物疗法，以调节动物肠道微生物有益的经验证据。贯穿始终，我们提出了12个可行的步骤，以进化医学为基础，可应用于实际的动物护理和管理。我们鼓励将这些可行的步骤与生态进化观点整合到我们对适当动物护理标准的定义中。本文提出的进化观点，最好是应用于人类照顾下的物种的广泛多样性时，而不是只集中在人类。我们敦促动物护理专业人员，兽医，营养学家，科学家和其他人在这些努力中进行合作，以便同时护理动物患者并产生有价值的经验数据。
Microbiome science has provided groundbreaking insights into human and animal health. Similarly, evolutionary medicine – the incorporation of eco‐evolutionary concepts into primarily human medical theory and practice – is increasingly recognised for its novel perspectives on modern diseases. Studies of host–microbe relationships have been expanded beyond humans to include a wide range of animal taxa, adding new facets to our understanding of animal ecology, evolution, behaviour, and health. In this review, we propose that a broader application of evolutionary medicine, combined with microbiome science, can provide valuable and innovative perspectives on animal care and conservation. First, we draw on classic ecological principles, such as alternative stable states, to propose an eco‐evolutionary framework for understanding variation in animal microbiomes and their role in animal health and wellbeing. With a focus on mammalian gut microbiomes, we apply this framework to populations of animals under human care, with particular relevance to the many animal species that suffer diseases linked to gut microbial dysfunction (e.g. gut distress and infection, autoimmune disorders, obesity). We discuss diet and microbial landscapes (i.e. the microbes in the animal's external environment), as two factors that are (i) proposed to represent evolutionary mismatches for captive animals, (ii) linked to gut microbiome structure and function, and (iii) potentially best understood from an evolutionary medicine perspective. Keeping within our evolutionary framework, we highlight the potential benefits – and pitfalls – of modern microbial therapies, such as pre‐ and probiotics, faecal microbiota transplants, and microbial rewilding. We discuss the limited, yet growing, empirical evidence for the use of microbial therapies to modulate animal gut microbiomes beneficially. Interspersed throughout, we propose 12 actionable steps, grounded in evolutionary medicine, that can be applied to practical animal care and management. We encourage that these actionable steps be paired with integration of eco‐evolutionary perspectives into our definitions of appropriate animal care standards. The evolutionary perspectives proposed herein may be best appreciated when applied to the broad diversity of species under human care, rather than when solely focused on humans. We urge animal care professionals, veterinarians, nutritionists, scientists, and others to collaborate on these efforts, allowing for simultaneous care of animal patients and the generation of valuable empirical data.