Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin.
Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin.
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传统的以培养为基础的方法不能完全确定常见的顽固性人类真菌皮肤病的病因，包括脚气和脚趾甲感染。皮肤保护人类免受病原微生物的入侵，同时为不同的共生微生物群提供了家园。细菌基因组序列数据已经产生了关于人类疾病潜在的物种和群落结构的新假设。然而，微生物多样性并不局限于细菌；真菌等微生物在微生物群落稳定、人类健康和疾病方面也发挥着重要作用。与可用于细菌的工具相比，识别真菌物种和群落的基因组方法一直是有限的。利用系统发育标记，包括核糖体RNA基因区和其他高度保守的基因，可以重建真菌的进化。在这里，我们对10名健康成年人的14个皮肤部位的真菌群落进行了测序和分析。身体和手臂的11个核心部位以马拉色菌为主，物种水平的分类揭示了部位之间更大的地形分辨率。相比之下，足底脚跟、脚趾甲和脚趾网这三个足部显示出极大的真菌多样性。同时对细菌和真菌群落的分析表明，皮肤的生理属性和地形对这两个微生物群落的形成有不同的影响。这些结果为未来研究致病和共生真菌和细菌群落在维持人类健康和促进疾病发病机制方面的相互作用提供了一个框架。
Traditional culture-based methods have incompletely defined the etiology of common recalcitrant human fungal skin diseases including athlete’s foot and toenail infections. Skin protects humans from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms, while providing a home for diverse commensal microbiota. Bacterial genomic sequence data have generated novel hypotheses about species and community structures underlying human disorders. However, microbial diversity is not limited to bacteria; microorganisms such as fungi also play major roles in microbial community stability, human health and disease. Genomic methodologies to identify fungal species and communities have been limited compared with tools available for bacteria. Fungal evolution can be reconstructed with phylogenetic markers, including ribosomal RNA gene regions and other highly conserved genes. Here, we sequenced and analyzed fungal communities of 14 skin sites in 10 healthy adults. Eleven core body and arm sites were dominated by Malassezia fungi, with species-level classifications revealing greater topographical resolution between sites. By contrast, three foot sites, plantar heel, toenail, and toeweb, exhibited tremendous fungal diversity. Concurrent analysis of bacterial and fungal communities demonstrated that skin physiologic attributes and topography differentially shape these two microbial communities. These results provide a framework for future investigation of interactions between pathogenic and commensal fungal and bacterial communities in maintaining human health and contributing to disease pathogenesis.