Are 'Webographic' or Attitudinal Questions Useful for Adjusting Estimates from Web Surveys Using Propensity Scoring?
Are 'Webographic' or Attitudinal Questions Useful for Adjusting Estimates from Web Surveys Using Propensity Scoring?
复制标题
“网络图表”或态度问题对于使用倾向评分调整网络调查的估计有用吗？
DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.1006108
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Kapteyn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Matthias Schonlau;A. van Soest;A. Kapteyn
从网络调查的推断可能会受到非随机选择的网络调查参与者。减少选择偏差的一种方法是使用倾向分数和平行的电话调查。这种方法使用人口统计学和其他所谓的Webographic或生活方式变量来平衡网络调查受访者和电话调查受访者之间观察到的差异。在这里，作者调查了哈里斯互动公司（一家专门从事网络调查的商业公司）使用的一些网络图形问题。他们的网络图表问题包括对阅读、运动和旅行等活动的选择，以及对什么构成侵犯隐私的看法。他们使用的数据来自现有的40岁以上的受访者通过电话采访的概率样本，以及通过网络采访的相应样本。他们发现，Webographic问题区分在线和离线人群与人口统计学问题不同。一般来说，倾向得分调整的变量在网络调查工程相当不错的一些变量的利益（包括房屋所有权和劳动力参与）。对于两个结果，（有情绪问题和经常经历痛苦）的过程中调整人口变量导致发现的一个例子辛普森悖论，这意味着差模效应或差异选择。他们认为这主要是一种模式效应的结果，敏感的问题在互联网上比在电话上更容易得到积极的回应。
Inference from Web surveys may be affected by non-random selection of Web survey participants. One approach to reduce selection bias is to use propensity scores and a parallel phone survey. This approach uses demographic and additional so-called Webographic or lifestyle variables to balance observed differences between Web survey respondents and phone survey respondents. Here the authors investigate some of the Webographic questions used by Harris Interactive, a commercial company specializing in Web surveys. Their Webographic questions include choice of activities such as reading, sports and traveling and perceptions about what would constitute a violation of privacy. They use data from an existing probability sample of respondents over 40 who are interviewed over the phone, and a corresponding sample of respondents interviewed over the Web. They find that Webographic questions differentiate between on and offline populations differently than demographic questions. In general, propensity score adjustment of variables in the Web survey works quite well for a number of variables of interest (including home ownership and labor force participation). For two outcomes, (having emotional problems and often experiencing pain) the process of adjusting for demographic variables leads to the discovery of an instance of Simpson's paradox, implying a differential mode effect or differential selection. They interpret this mainly as the result of a mode effect, where sensitive questions are more likely to receive a positive response over the Internet than over the phone.