Direct evidence for gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) predation and scavenging on harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)
Direct evidence for gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) predation and scavenging on harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)
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DOI：
10.1111/mms.12111
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发表时间：
2014-10-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Pezeril, Sylvain
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bouveroux, Thibaut;Kiszka, Jeremy J.;Pezeril, Sylvain
捕食者-被捕食者相互作用在群落和生态系统动态中起着至关重要的作用。因此，记录这些相互作用并了解猎物选择的机制和驱动因素对于预测环境变化的潜在影响（例如，猎物可用性）非常重要。然而，对于大型和难以捉摸的海洋顶级捕食者来说，这可能是一个挑战。虽然海洋哺乳动物通常被描述为海洋生态系统中的顶级捕食者，但大多数物种也面临着被虎鲸（Orcinus orca）、鲨鱼（Selachii）、北极熊（Ursus maritimus）和豹海豹（Hydrurga leptonyx）等物种捕食的风险（例如，Weller 2009年进行了审查）。捕食海洋哺乳动物种群的频率因物种和环境而异（例如，Corkeron等人，1987年; Baird和Dill 1995年; Heithaus和Dill 2002年）。（Phocoena phocoena）是一种小型的齿鲸类（体长1.3-1.9米，成年体重50-70公斤，取决于亚种、种群，和性别），已被记录为虎鲸（福特等人，1998年）和大白色鲨鱼（Carcharodon carpidas）（阿诺德，1972年）的猎物。在某些地方，它们被普通的短吻海豚（Tursiops truncatus）杀死，但没有被吃掉（例如，Ross and Wilson 1996）。最近，Haelters et al.（2012年）推断，灰海豹可能是比利时海岸沿着检查的两只港鼠海豚尸体致命病变和致残的原因。两只鼠海豚身上缺失的皮肤和鲸脂部分表明，海豹曾以尸体为食。如果确认，灰色密封
Predator-prey interactions play a crucial role in community and ecosystem dynamics. Documenting these interactions and understanding the mechanisms and drivers of prey selection are therefore important to predicting the potential effects of environmental changes (eg, prey availability). For large and elusive marine top predators, however, this can be challenging. Although marine mammals are generally described as top predators in marine ecosystems, most species are also at risk of predation from species such as killer whales (Orcinus orca), sharks (Selachii), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx)(eg, Weller 2009 for a review). The frequency of predation on marine mammal populations is highly variable among species and contexts (eg, Corkeron et al. 1987, Baird and Dill 1995, Heithaus and Dill 2002).The harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is a small odontocete (1.3–1.9 m in length, 50–70 kg in weight for adults, depending on subspecies, population, and sex) that has been documented as prey for killer whales (Ford et al. 1998) and great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)(Arnold 1972). In some locations, they are killed, but not consumed, by common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)(eg., Ross and Wilson 1996). More recently, Haelters et al.(2012) deduced that gray seals likely were responsible for fatal lesions and mutilation of two harbor porpoise carcasses examined along the coast of Belgium. Missing portions of skin and blubber on both porpoises suggested that seals had fed on the carcasses. If confirmed, gray seal