Sewage Markers as Determinants to Differentiate Origins of Emerging Organic Pollutants in an Urban Sri Lankan Water Drainage Network
Sewage Markers as Determinants to Differentiate Origins of Emerging Organic Pollutants in an Urban Sri Lankan Water Drainage Network
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DOI：
10.3390/w13202898
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发表时间：
2021-10
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
D. Quyen;Otaki Masahiro;Y. Otaki;T. Chaminda
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Quyen;Otaki Masahiro;Y. Otaki;T. Chaminda
在发展中国家经历的快速城市化过程中，城市环境卫生是一项重大挑战，因为下水道基础设施能力低，现场废水处理不规范，增加了地表水污染的风险。因此，采用具体的污水标记来确定污染源的特性，对于管理城市卫生问题至关重要。在这项研究中，我们调查了8个污水标记物（对乙酰氨基酚，咖啡因，卡马西平，可替宁，磺胺甲恶唑，磺胺吡啶，阿替洛尔，安赛蜜）在各种水源的加勒市，斯里兰卡的城市地区内的浓度。8种标志物的总浓度为医院排水>污水处理厂进水>地表排水系统。在8种选定的标志物中，对乙酰氨基酚在出院时占主导地位（70.2-123.6 µg/L），而咖啡因是STP流入（16.2-68.7 µg/L）和表面引流（0.95-21.73 µg/L）的最大贡献者。然后，我们提出并测试了一套标准，用于评估标记的适用性，包括去除效率，浓度大小，排泄率和废水负担。咖啡因和对乙酰氨基酚分别适用于表征生活灰废水和黑色废水。这些结果意味着，城市的排水系统接收家庭灰水和人类排泄物，可能是由于现场卫生系统不足。保守的标记卡马西平是有用的长距离跟踪医院残留物，这些结果意味着，医院废水处理工作不正常，会计药物残留物通过一个隐藏的排放连接到排水系统到达地表水。
Urban sanitation is a major challenge during the rapid urbanization being experienced by developing countries, as a low sewerage infrastructure capacity and irregular onsite wastewater treatment raise the risk of surface water contamination. The application of specific sewage markers to characterize contaminant sources is therefore essential for managing urban sanitation issues. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of eight sewage markers (acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, cotinine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, atenolol, and acesulfame) in various water sources within urban area of the Galle City, Sri Lanka. The total concentration of the eight markers was in the order of hospital discharge > sewage treatment plant (STP) influent > surface drainage system. Among the eight selected markers, acetaminophen was dominant in hospital discharge (70.2–123.6 µg/L) while caffeine was the largest contributor to STP influent (16.2–68.7 µg/L) and surface drainage (0.95–21.73 µg/L). We then proposed and tested a set of criteria for evaluating the applicability of markers, including removal efficiency, concentration magnitude, excretion rate, and wastewater burden. The labile markers caffeine and acetaminophen were suitable for characterizing domestic gray and black wastewater, respectively. These results imply that the city’s drainage system receives both domestic graywater and human excretion, likely due to insufficient on-site sanitation systems. The conservative marker carbamazepine was useful for tracking hospital residues over long distances; these results imply that hospital wastewater treatment was not working properly, accounting for pharmaceutical residues reaching surface water via a hidden discharges connected to the drainage system.