How the Body Talks to the Brain; Peripheral Mediators of Physical Activity-Induced Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus.
How the Body Talks to the Brain; Peripheral Mediators of Physical Activity-Induced Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus.
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DOI：
10.3233/bpl-150020
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发表时间：
2015-10-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Lucassen PJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bolijn S;Lucassen PJ
在海马齿状回，干细胞保持产生新神经元的能力，直到成年。这些成人产生的神经元变得功能齐全，并被纳入现有的海马电路。成人神经发生的过程有助于海马功能，并受到各种环境，激素和疾病相关因素的影响。神经发生最有力的刺激之一是体力活动（PA）。虽然PA的身体和外周变化是众所周知的，例如与饮食或心血管疾病有关，但关于这些变化中的哪一个也对大脑产生中枢影响却知之甚少。在这里，我们讨论PA诱导的外周介质的变化，可以修改海马增殖，并解决与年龄，性别或PA的持续时间/强度的变化。 在已知由PA触发的许多外周因子中，5-羟色胺、FGF-2、IGF-1、VEGF、β-内啡肽和脂联素以其对海马体增殖的刺激作用而最为人所知。有趣的是，虽然年龄对海马增殖本身有负面影响，但PA诱导的对大多数这些外周介质的反应也减少，特别是对IGF-1和NPY的反应随着年龄的增长而强烈下降。性别差异本身一般对PA诱导的神经发生影响不大。 与短期运动相比，长期PA可能会对增殖产生负面影响，这是由于FGF-2和β-内啡肽受体的平行下降，以及应激系统的激活，特别是在长时间运动的条件下，但这也取决于其他变量，仍然是一个讨论的问题。总之，在许多可能的介质中，5-羟色胺、FGF-2、IGF-1、VEGF、β-内啡肽和脂联素是对PA对海马的中枢作用贡献最大的介质。对于这些因素的一个亚组，大脑的敏感性和反应性随着年龄的增长而降低。
In the hippocampal dentate gyrus, stem cells maintain the capacity to produce new neurons into adulthood. These adult-generated neurons become fully functional and are incorporated into the existing hippocampal circuit. The process of adult neurogenesis contributes to hippocampal functioning and is influenced by various environmental, hormonal and disease-related factors. One of the most potent stimuli of neurogenesis is physical activity (PA). While the bodily and peripheral changes of PA are well known, e.g. in relation to diet or cardiovascular conditions, little is known about which of these also exert central effects on the brain. Here, we discuss PA-induced changes in peripheral mediators that can modify hippocampal proliferation, and address changes with age, sex or PA duration/intensity. Of the many peripheral factors known to be triggered by PA, serotonin, FGF-2, IGF-1, VEGF, β-endorphin and adiponectin are best known for their stimulatory effects on hippocampal proliferation. Interestingly, while age negatively affects hippocampal proliferation per se, also the PA-induced response to most of these peripheral mediators is reduced and particularly the response to IGF-1 and NPY strongly declines with age. Sex differences per se have generally little effects on PA-induced neurogenesis. Compared to short term exercise, long term PA may negatively affect proliferation, due to a parallel decline in FGF-2 and the β-endorphin receptor, and an activation of the stress system particularly during conditions of prolonged exercise but this depends on other variables as well and remains a matter of discussion. Taken together, of many possible mediators, serotonin, FGF-2, IGF-1, VEGF, β-endorphin and adiponectin are the ones that most strongly contribute to the central effects of PA on the hippocampus. For a subgroup of these factors, brain sensitivity and responsivity is reduced with age.