Redefining success: the political ecology of genetically modified and organic cotton as solutions to agrarian crisis
Redefining success: the political ecology of genetically modified and organic cotton as solutions to agrarian crisis
复制标题
重新定义成功：转基因和有机棉作为农业危机解决方案的政治生态
DOI：
10.2458/v23i1.20179
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
A. Flachs
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Flachs
自19世纪中叶以来，印度农业发展中法律和技术的跨国传播经历了三个不同的阶段。在每种情况下，农业危机的叙述都允许美国和英国农业企业在印度小农农业的现有逻辑范围内设想新的国家和企业干预措施。这些始于 1840 年代英国殖民地工业棉花项目，随后是绿色革命农业，以及当代转基因和有机棉农场。在每种情况下，农民都通过摩擦、有争议地采用新技术来制定战略，并建立了新的成功途径，这些途径对一些农民有效，但对另一些农民却失败了。在本文中，我借鉴了 2012 年至 2014 年在印度特伦甘纳邦 9 个村庄进行的民族志实地调查和家庭调查。与之前的发展举措一样，印度采用了美国诞生的定义高科技转基因和低技术有机农业的法律结构，没有进行重大改变。然而，我认为农民的实际实施需要人们管理农业经济的方式发生重大转变。关键词：转基因作物、有机农业、发展、印度南部 本文荣获 2015 年政治生态学会埃里克·沃尔夫奖。
The transnational spread of law and technology in Indian agricultural development has passed through three distinct phases since the mid-19th century. In each case, a narrative of agrarian crisis allowed for new state and corporate interventions, conceived by American and British agribusiness, within the existing logics of Indian smallholder agriculture. These begun with colonial British industrial cotton projects in the 1840s, continuing with Green Revolution agriculture, and on contemporary GM and organic cotton farms. In each case, farmers developed strategies through a frictive, contentious adoption of new technologies and built new avenues to success that worked for some farmers and failed for others. In this article I draw on ethnographic fieldwork and household surveys conducted in nine villages from 2012-2014 in Telangana, India. As with previous development initiatives, the US-born legal structures that defined high-tech GM and low-tech organic agriculture were adopted in India without major changes. I argue, however that their actual implementation by farmers has required a significant shift in the ways that people manage the agricultural economy. Keywords: Genetically Modified crops, organic agriculture, development, South India This paper was winner of the Eric Wolf Prize, Political Ecology Society, 2015.