Administration of Schools
Administration of Schools
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学校行政
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Ediger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Ediger
学校管理者在帮助教师、辅助人员和学生取得成就方面负有很大的责任。他们拥有领导地位，帮助他人和自己成长、发展和实现。培训职前管理人员的教育学院需要紧跟最新趋势，真正在学校的全部努力的关键领域培养领导特征。在整个学校的哪些方面，管理者应该帮助他们的老师做好？管理人员需要帮助每一位教师在专业上得到良好的发展。然后，学校管理者为教师提供了一个很好的榜样。他/她以前曾担任过课堂教师，拥有可供教师使用的有效知识和技能。然后，学校管理者有学习的一般原则与教师分享，以及在课堂上使用的具体学习机会。例如，在阅读教学中，他/她能够诊断个别学生在阅读方面的问题。这些问题可能包括：*使用单词识别技能解锁未知单词*措辞问题强调更高的认知水平*强调阅读的流畅性*强调阅读成绩的反思和自我评价学校管理者需要表扬个别教师的出色工作。教师需要感到他们的努力受到赞赏。同时，他们必须有成为优秀教师的内在动力。然后，更高的能量水平可用于教学学生。老师确实喜欢别人认可他们的才能和能力。每个老师都很重要，应该被尊重，被接受，有归属感。学校管理者认为他/她的最终目标是帮助学生取得最佳成绩。通过对课堂教学的努力表现出兴趣，并在需要时提供帮助，管理员显示出对教师和学生的能力和关心态度。老师们确实喜欢有人在那里提供帮助，例如，在纪律问题上。随着主流化，老师可能会遇到一些极具挑战性的学生，他们不符合规范，但破坏课堂。在这里，管理人员需要对改善学生行为的积极方法有相当多的了解。学校环境条件和课堂设置工作条件需要每个老师的配合才能达到最佳。教室及周边区域需要保持干净整洁。教材必须足够提供给每个学生。这意味着在许多其他材料中，下列材料必须是可访问的：*帮助学生理解所学内容的操纵性材料。*视听辅助不同的学习，并提供抽象内容的理解。*针对学生发展水平的阅读材料，包括课本、图书馆书籍和网络资源。*为教学目的制作辅助工具的材料。除了确保教学辅助设备的安全外，学校管理者还必须设法使对讲机的广播不会干扰教学。相邻的教室必须控制干扰，以免干扰他人。学校管理员需要让人们看到他的存在。这有助于减少纪律问题。当被问到这个问题时，学校的管理者必须有有价值的建议，能够真正减少课堂上的干扰。在观察公立学校的大学生教师教学时，作者注意到学校管理者通过在学校环境中协助教师和在不同教室之间流动来保持课堂质量弟子的有效性。…
School administrators have much responsibility in assisting teachers, support personnel, and students to achieve. They possess a leadership position to help others as well as themselves to grow, develop, and achieve. Schools of education training pre-service administrators need to stay abreast of the latest trends that truly develop leadership characteristics in vital areas of the total endeavors of the school. Which areas of the total school should administrators assist their teachers to achieve well? A Professional Teaching Staff Administrators need to assist each teacher to develop well professionally. The school administrator then provides a good model for teachers to emulate. He/she has served previously as a classroom teacher and has a repertoire of effective knowledge and skills for teachers to use. The school administrator then has general principles of learning to share with teachers as well as specific learning opportunities to use in the classroom. For example, in the teaching of reading, he/she is able to diagnose individual student problems in reading. These problems might well include the following: * using word recognition skills to unlock unknown words * phrasing questions to stress higher levels of cognition * emphasizing fluency in reading * stressing reflection and self evaluation in reading achievement School administrators need to offer praise to individual teachers in work well done. Teachers need to feel that their efforts are appreciated. At the same time, they must become intrinsically motivated in becoming outstanding teachers. Higher energy levels are then available for teaching students. Teachers do like to have their talents and abilities recognized. Each teacher is important and should be respected by being accepted and feel a sense of belonging. The school administrator believes that he/she has as the ultimate goal to assist student optimal achievement. By showing interest in classroom teaching endeavors and providing assistance where needed, the administrator reveals competence and a caring attitude for teachers and students. Teachers do like to fell that someone is there to assist, for example, with discipline problems. With mainstreaming, the teacher may experience some highly challenging students who do not conform to the norm, but disrupt the classroom. Here, the administrator needs to possess considerable knowledge about positive ways to improve student behavior. Environmental Conditions in the School and Classroom Setting Working conditions need to compliment each teacher to achieve optimally. Classrooms and surrounding areas need to be clean and well kept. Teaching materials must be adequate to provide for each student. This means that the following kinds of materials, among many others, must be accessible: * manipulative materials to help students attach meaning to what is being learned. * audio visual aids to vary learnings and provide understandings of abstract content. * reading materials on the developmental level of students to include textbooks, library books, and Internet sources. * materials to make aids for instructional purposes. In addition to helping to secure teaching aids, the school administrator also must work in the direction whereby intercom announcements do not disrupt teaching. Adjacent classrooms must curb disturbances so as not to disrupt others. The school administrator needs to make his presence visible. This helps to minimize discipline problems. When asked, the school administrator must have valuable suggestions that truly work in cutting down on disturbances in the classroom. When observing university student teachers in the public schools teaching pupils, the writer noticed the effectiveness of school administrators maintaining quality disciple for classrooms by being visible in assisting teachers and circulating among the different classrooms in the school setting. …