Between paternalism and illegality: a longitudinal analysis of the role and condition of manual scavengers in India.
Between paternalism and illegality: a longitudinal analysis of the role and condition of manual scavengers in India.
复制标题
在家长制和非法之间：对印度手工拾荒者的作用和状况的纵向分析。
DOI：
10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008733
复制
发表时间：
2022-07
影响因子：
8.1
通讯作者：
Vaz, Manjulika
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Saldanha, Sakshi;Kirchhelle, Claas;Webster, Emily;Vanderslott, Samantha;Vaz, Manjulika
关键词：
手工拾荒者，在印度被称为“Safai Karamcharis”，是以手工清理人类废物为生的环卫工人，面临着相当大的职业健康风险。她们受到根深蒂固的、基于种姓的耻辱，与她们被认为的“种姓不洁”和不干净有关，这导致她们的工作条件一直处于危险的低于标准的水平，缺乏社会流动性，妇女面临更大的困难。COVID-19疫情进一步加剧了他们的困境。尽管社会倡导者、有组织的运动和政府机构做出了相当大的努力，但改革和刑事定罪产生了喜忧参半的结果，活动人士在禁止人工清理垃圾是否是一种有效的解决方案上仍然存在分歧。本文回顾了印度试图解决拾荒问题的历史。从殖民时期开始，到现任政府的Swachh Bharat使命结束，它强调了通过快速解决方案处理拾荒者的尝试，如法律的禁令将其就业定为犯罪，基础设施升级或家长式干预，要么未能解决问题，要么通过将长期存在的问题推到一边而加剧拾荒者的处境。报告认为，要取得有意义的进展，就必须放弃自上而下的决策模式，解决使体力拾荒者的健康状况和社会条件长期不佳的根本社会文化和基础设施因素，收集关于拾荒者真实情况的数据，并投资于社区本身并为其提供政治代理。
Manual scavengers, or ‘Safai Karamcharis’, as they are known in India, are sanitation workers who manually clean human waste for a living and face considerable occupational health risks. They are subject to deep-seated, caste-based stigma associated with their perceived ‘caste impurity’ and lack of cleanliness, which result both in consistently dangerous substandard working conditions and lack of social mobility, with women facing greater hardships. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated their plight. Despite the considerable efforts of social advocates, organised movements and government institutions, reforms and criminalisation have produced mixed results and campaigners remain divided on whether banning manual scavenging is an effective solution. This article reviews the history of attempts to address scavenging in India. Starting in the colonial period and ending with the current government’s Swachh Bharat Mission, it highlights how attempts to deal with scavenging via quick-fix solutions like legal bans criminalising their employment, infrastructure upgrades or paternalistic interventions have either failed to resolve issues or exacerbated scavengers’ situation by pushing long-standing problems out of view. It argues that meaningful progress depends on abandoning top-down modes of decision-making, addressing the underlying sociocultural and infrastructural factors that perpetuate the ill health and social conditions of manual scavengers, collecting data on the true extent of scavenging, and investing in and providing political agency to communities themselves.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Joshi, D.;Ferron, S.
通讯作者：
Ferron, S.
影响因子：
0.5
作者：
Kidambi, P
通讯作者：
Kidambi, P
影响因子：
0.7
作者：
Barua, Ankur
通讯作者：
Barua, Ankur