Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis
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DOI：
10.1007/978-981-16-3595-3_3
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Reyaz;N. Balakrishnan;V. Balasubramani;S. Mohankumar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Reyaz;N. Balakrishnan;V. Balasubramani;S. Mohankumar
苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt）是一种无所不在的、孢子形成的土壤细菌，其特点是产生对多种害虫有活性的蛋白质。在20世纪中期，人们意识到bt作为杀虫喷雾的潜力，从那时起，许多基于bt的生物农药已经上市。分子生物学的方法使植物表达编码蛋白质的基因成为可能，从而保护植物免受害虫的侵害。第一种转基因作物于1996年商业化，今天，包括转基因作物在内的所有转基因作物在29个国家的种植面积达1.904亿公顷。bt作物的开发是一个漫长而昂贵的过程，可能需要大约13年的时间，耗资1.36亿美元。获得政府行政机关的认可程序是开发程序后期最基本的程序之一，占aBtcrop上市费用的25%左右。尽管在化学杀虫剂方面处于领先地位，昆虫还是能够对转基因作物产生抗性。抗虫管理是维持bt作物效益必须解决的另一个挑战。基因组编辑工具，CRISPR-Cas9和下一代测序（NGS）技术对于了解抗性机制非常有用，也有助于通过遗传操作改善b的特性，并有助于其生物防治应用。
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) is an omnipresent, spore-forming soil bacterium that is distinguished by the production of proteins, which are active on a wide range of insect pests. The potential ofBtto be utilized as an insecticidal spray was perceived in the mid-twentieth century and since that time numerousBt-based biopesticides have been marketed. The approach of molecular biology made it possible to make plants to express the genes coding for proteins, which protect the plants from the pests. The firstBtcrop was commercialized in 1996, and today all the biotech crops includingBtcrops are planted in an area of 190.4 million hectares in 29 countries. Development ofBtcrops is a lengthy and costly process that may take about 13 years with an expense of $136 million. The procedure of getting endorsements by government administrative organizations is among the most basic in the later phases of the advancement procedure and takes about 25% of all the expenses in bringing aBtcrop to the market. In spite of the cutting edges over the chemical insecticides, insects are able to develop resistance againstBtcrops. Insect resistance management is another challenge that has to be addressed for sustaining the benefits ofBtcrops. The genome editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9 and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies are much useful for understanding resistance mechanisms and also to improve the properties ofBtthrough genetic manipulation and aid in their biocontrol applications.