Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research.
Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research.
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DOI：
10.13016/ovm5-mthb
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
David R. Williams;H. Neighbors
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
David R. Williams;H. Neighbors
本文回顾了现有的科学证据，种族主义与非洲裔美国人高血压的发病率升高。社会种族主义可以通过限制非裔美国人的社会经济机会和流动性来间接影响高血压的风险。种族主义还可能通过以下方式影响高血压：（1）限制获得社会上所需的商品和服务，包括医疗保健;（2）造成自卑的耻辱和歧视的经历。本文评估了现有的歧视观念的证据。非裔美国人经常遭受歧视，这些经历被认为是有压力的。一些证据表明，压力与高血压风险呈正相关。在实验室条件下暴露于种族应激源可靠地预测心血管反应，这种反应与长期心血管风险有关。很少有基于人群的研究研究探讨了种族歧视与高血压之间的关系，研究结果虽然表明种族偏见与血压之间存在正相关，但既不一致也不明确。然而，现有的文献确定了重要的新方向，全面衡量歧视和设计严格的实证研究，可以评估理论推导的想法歧视和高血压之间的关联。
This paper reviews the available scientific evidence that relates racism to the elevated rates of hypertension for African Americans. Societal racism can indirectly affect the risk of hypertension by limiting socioeconomic opportunities and mobility for African Americans. Racism can also affect hypertension by 1) restricting access to desirable goods and services in society, including medical care; and 2) creating a stigma of inferiority and experiences of discrimination. This paper evaluates the available evidence for perceptions of discrimination. African Americans frequently experience discrimination and these experiences are perceived as stressful. Several lines of evidence suggest that stressors are positively related to hypertension risk. Exposure to racial stressors under laboratory conditions reliably predicts cardiovascular reactivity and such responses have been associated with longer-term cardiovascular risk. Few population-based studies have examined the association between exposure to racial discrimination and hypertension, and the findings, though suggestive of a positive association between racial bias and blood pressure, are neither consistent nor clear. However, the existing literature identifies important new directions for the comprehensive measurement of discrimination and the design of rigorous empirical studies that can evaluate theoretically derived ideas about the association between discrimination and hypertension.