Neandertal cold adaptation: Physiological and energetic factors
Neandertal cold adaptation: Physiological and energetic factors
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尼安德特人的寒冷适应：生理和能量因素
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
T. Holliday
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. T. Steegmann,;F. Cerny;T. Holliday
欧洲尼安德特人采用了一套复杂的生理寒冷防御系统，与当代人类和非人类灵长类动物的防御系统相似。虽然尼安德特人的形态模式，如缩短的四肢和较低的相对表面积，可能解释了抗寒性的一些差异，但这表明适应性包装强烈依赖于丰富的生理防御。尼安德特人生活的环境寒冷条件的总结，并从火地岛的比较人种学模型。肌肉和皮下脂肪是极好的“被动”绝缘体。尼安德特人肌肉发达，但他们不太可能保持足够的体表脂肪来提供足够的寒冷保护。一个主要的，高能量的代谢适应促进适量的高度产热棕色脂肪组织（BAT）的建议。此外，尼安德特人可能受到基于全身血管收缩的一般哺乳动物寒冷防御的保护，并通过适应、有氧健身和局部寒冷诱导的血管舒张而得到加强。然而，这些防御在能量上是昂贵的。根据当代极地人民的数据，估计尼安德特人每天需要3，360至4，480千卡来支持艰苦的冬季觅食和抗寒成本。一些特殊的遗传冷适应也被提出-热休克蛋白（实际上，应激休克蛋白），ACP*1位点的体细胞生长因子，和一个专门的钙代谢尚未了解。Am. J.哈姆。14：566-583，2002.© 2002 Wiley利斯公司
European Neandertals employed a complex set of physiological cold defenses, homologous to those seen in contemporary humans and nonhuman primates. While Neandertal morphological patterns, such as foreshortened extremities and low relative surface‐area, may have explained some of the variance in cold resistance, it is suggested the adaptive package was strongly dependent on a rich array of physiological defenses. A summary of the environmental cold conditions in which the Neandertals lived is presented, and a comparative ethnographic model from Tierra del Fuego is used. Muscle and subcutaneous fat are excellent “passive” insulators. Neandertals were quite muscular, but it is unlikely that they could maintain enough superficial body fat to offer much cold protection. A major, high‐energy metabolic adaptation facilitated by modest amounts of highly thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed. In addition, Neandertals would have been protected by general mammalian cold defenses based on systemic vasoconstriction and intensified by acclimatization, aerobic fitness, and localized cold‐induced vasodilation. However, these defenses are energetically expensive. Based on contemporary data from circumpolar peoples, it is estimated that Neandertals required 3,360 to 4,480 kcal per day to support strenuous winter foraging and cold resistance costs. Several specific genetic cold adaptations are also proposed—heat shock protein (actually, stress shock protein), an ACP*1 locus somatic growth factor, and a specialized calcium metabolism not as yet understood. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:566–583, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
去甲肾上腺素刺激恒河猴棕色脂肪组织的活性。
影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Swick,AG;Kemnitz,JW;Houser,WD;Swick,RW
通讯作者：
Swick,RW